Textual Issues Research Hub

Browse dossiers, variants, edition-change ledgers, researchers, sources, and related articles.

All Textual Issues

VAR-0001

1 John 5:7–8: The Heavenly Witnesses

Canonical lead variation unit for 1 John 5:7–8.

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VAR-0002

1 Timothy 3:16: God Manifest in the Flesh

Canonical lead variation unit for 1 Timothy 3:16.

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VAR-2203

Acts 1:11 — “Taken Up from You into Heaven”: Preposition, Repetition, and the Promise of Return

The ascension, the phrase ‘from you into heaven,’ its repetition, and the promise of Christ’s like return survive intact in Scrivener, SBLGNT, and NA28.

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VAR-2204

Acts 1:14 — Prayer, Supplication, the Women, Mary, and the Brethren of Jesus

The received text adds ‘and supplication’ and repeats the connective before Jesus’ brethren.

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VAR-2205

Acts 1:18–26 — Judas’s Fall, His Vacant Office, and the Numbering of Matthias

Across Judas’s death and Matthias’s appointment, most differences are case, order, or vocabulary.

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VAR-2201

Acts 1:4 — Assembled with Them or Eating with Them? The Meaning of Synalizomenos

The lexical question concerns συναλιζόμενος.

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VAR-2202

Acts 1:8 — Jerusalem, All Judaea, Samaria, and the Uttermost Part of the Earth

Scrivener reads μοι, the dative ‘to me,’ while SBLGNT and NA28 read μου, the genitive ‘my.’ Jerusalem, Judaea, Samaria, and the uttermost earth appear in both forms; the variation touches the relation of the witnesses to Christ, not the mission’s geography.

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VAR-2240

Acts 10:19 — Two Men or Three? The Messengers at Peter’s Gate

The tradition divides three ways.

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VAR-2241

Acts 10:30 — “Four Days Ago I Was Fasting”: Is Cornelius’s Fast Authentic?

The received text includes νηστεύων καί, ‘fasting and,’ and explicitly names the ninth hour.

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VAR-2242

Acts 10:33 — “Commanded Thee of God” or “by the Lord”?

Scrivener reads θεοῦ, ‘God’; SBLGNT and NA28 read κυρίου, ‘Lord.’ In either form Cornelius recognizes that Peter’s message comes under divine command, yet the title assigned to the commanding source is a real lexical variation.

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VAR-2243

Acts 10:36–40 — Jesus Christ, Lord of All, Raised “the Third Day”

The confession, universal lordship, anointing by the Holy Ghost, death on a tree, resurrection on the third day, and manifestation to witnesses all stand in the principal forms.

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VAR-2244

Acts 10:48 — Baptized in the Name of the Lord or in the Name of Jesus Christ?

The two forms explicitly name the baptismal authority differently.

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VAR-2245

Acts 11:12 — “Nothing Doubting” or “Making No Distinction”? Peter’s Recollection

The present participle διακρινόμενον can describe hesitation or inward doubt; the aorist διακρίναντα in the critical form points more naturally to making a distinction.

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VAR-2246

Acts 11:20 — Greeks or Grecians? Who First Heard the Gospel at Antioch?

Scrivener and NA28 read Ἑλληνιστάς, Greek-speaking Jews or Hellenists.

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VAR-2247

Acts 11:23 — “Cleave unto the Lord”: Does the Title Belong?

The main difference at the title level is not the divine title: ‘the Lord’ appears in both controls.

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VAR-2249

Acts 12:17 — James, the Brethren, and Peter’s Departure: The Text of the Report

Peter’s instruction, James’s name, the brethren, and the departure to another place are common to the principal texts.

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VAR-2250

Acts 12:24–25 — The Growing Word and the Journey from—or to—Jerusalem

A single preposition reverses the apparent direction: Scrivener reads ἐξ, ‘from,’ while SBLGNT and NA28 read εἰς, ‘to.’ The surrounding narrative begins with relief sent to Judaea and later finds Barnabas and Saul at Antioch, which makes the received direction a serious contextual claim rather than a disposable particle.

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VAR-2248

Acts 12:4 — Easter or Passover? What the Greek Text Says and What the English Means

Every Greek control reads πάσχα.

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VAR-2251

Acts 13:1 — Manaen, Herod the Tetrarch, and the Names of Antioch’s Prophets

The names—Barnabas, Simeon Niger, Lucius of Cyrene, Manaen associated with Herod the tetrarch, and Saul—are stable.

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VAR-2252

Acts 13:18–20 — Did God Bear Israel’s Manners or Care for Israel in the Wilderness?

Scrivener and SBLGNT both print ἐτροποφόρησεν, the verb behind bearing or enduring Israel’s ways.

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VAR-2253

Acts 13:23 — Did God “Raise” or “Bring” a Saviour, Jesus, unto Israel?

The central verbal difference is ἤγειρε, ‘raised up,’ in Scrivener against ἤγαγεν, ‘brought,’ in SBLGNT and NA28.

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VAR-2254

Acts 13:33 — “Unto Us Their Children”: The Resurrection and the Second Psalm

NA28 agrees with Scrivener’s αὐτῶν ἡμῖν, ‘to us their children,’ while SBLGNT follows ἡμῶν, producing ‘to us, their children’ or ‘to our children’ depending construction.

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VAR-2255

Acts 13:42–48 — Who Besought Paul to Preach Again, and Was It the Word of God or of the Lord?

The received text specifies both the departing Jews and the requesting Gentiles; the critical form uses pronouns and leaves the requesters unnamed.

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VAR-2257

Acts 14:14 — Were Barnabas and Paul Both Called Apostles?

The title ‘apostles’ governs both Barnabas and Paul in every principal form.

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VAR-2258

Acts 14:19 — Persuading the People, Stoning Paul, and Drawing Him from the City

Scrivener’s aorist participle presents the crowd’s conclusion after the stoning, with an infinitive meaning ‘to have died.’ The critical form uses a present participle and perfect infinitive, emphasizing their continuing assumption that Paul was dead.

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VAR-2256

Acts 14:3 — “Bearing Witness unto the Word of His Grace”: Does the Preposition Belong?

Scrivener, SBLGNT, Tregelles, and the Byzantine reconstruction use the dative article alone.

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VAR-2260

Acts 15:16–18 — “Known unto God Are All His Works”: Is the Closing Sentence Authentic?

Scrivener closes James’s citation with a complete sentence affirming God’s eternal knowledge of all his works.

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VAR-2261

Acts 15:20, 29 — Idols, Fornication, Things Strangled, and Blood: The Text of the Apostolic Decree

The four prohibitions remain in Scrivener, SBLGNT, and NA28 at both the proposal and the letter.

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VAR-2262

Acts 15:23 — Apostles, Elders, and Brethren—or Apostles and Elder Brethren?

Scrivener adds καὶ οἱ before ‘brethren,’ yielding three sending groups: apostles, elders, and brethren.

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VAR-2263

Acts 15:24 — “Ye Must Be Circumcised, and Keep the Law”: Does the Condemned Command Belong?

The received letter identifies the unauthorized teachers’ demand in their own terms: circumcision and law-keeping.

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VAR-2264

Acts 15:34 — “It Pleased Silas to Abide There Still”: Is the Entire Verse Authentic?

Acts 15:34 explains why Silas is available when Paul later chooses him for the second journey.

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VAR-2259

Acts 15:9–11 — Hearts Purified by Faith and Salvation through the Grace of the Lord Jesus Christ

The critical form omits Χριστοῦ after ‘Jesus.’ The purification of hearts by faith, the rejection of the legal yoke, and salvation by the Lord’s grace remain, but the received text states the full name and title.

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VAR-2266

Acts 16:12 — Chief City, First District, or Roman Colony? The Description of Philippi

The Greek wording around πρώτη and μερίς is notoriously difficult.

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VAR-2267

Acts 16:17 — “Which Show unto Us the Way of Salvation”: Us or You, the Way or a Way?

The central pronoun is ἡμῖν, ‘to us,’ in Scrivener and ὑμῖν, ‘to you,’ in SBLGNT and NA28.

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VAR-2268

Acts 16:31 — “Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ”: Does “Christ” Belong?

The critical form omits Χριστόν; Scrivener retains the full name and title.

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VAR-2269

Acts 16:32 — The Word of the Lord or the Word of God in the Jailer’s House?

Scrivener, SBLGNT, Tregelles, and NA28 all read ‘the word of the Lord.’ Only Westcott–Hort reports ‘the word of God’ in the comparison apparatus; the main received-versus-current-critical contrast in the verse is the connective joining the household.

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VAR-2265

Acts 16:7 — The Spirit or the Spirit of Jesus? Who Forbade the Journey into Bithynia?

SBLGNT and NA28 add Ἰησοῦ, identifying the forbidding Spirit as ‘the Spirit of Jesus.’ Scrivener has simply ‘the Spirit,’ following the immediately preceding reference to the Holy Ghost while preserving the same personal divine guidance.

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VAR-2271

Acts 17:18 — “Jesus and the Resurrection”: Did the Athenians Mistake Anastasis for a Goddess?

The Greek noun ἀνάστασις is the ordinary word for resurrection and is textually stable here.

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VAR-2272

Acts 17:26 — “Made of One Blood All Nations of Men”: Does “Blood” Belong?

Scrivener includes αἵματος, ‘blood,’ after ‘one’; SBLGNT and NA28 omit it.

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VAR-2273

Acts 17:27 — Seek the Lord or Seek God? The Areopagus Call to Repentance

The object is κύριον, ‘the Lord,’ in Scrivener and θεόν, ‘God,’ in SBLGNT and NA28.

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VAR-2270

Acts 17:5 — “The Jews Which Believed Not” and Certain Lewd Fellows of the Baser Sort

Scrivener identifies the hostile Jews as ‘those who disbelieved’ and then narrates their recruitment of marketplace idlers.

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VAR-2275

Acts 18:21 — “I Must by All Means Keep This Feast”: Is Paul’s Explanation Authentic?

The received text gives Paul a concrete reason for declining a longer stay at Ephesus.

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VAR-2276

Acts 18:25 — The Way of the Lord or the Things concerning Jesus? What Apollos Knew

The first ‘Lord’ is common to the principal forms.

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VAR-2274

Acts 18:5 — Pressed in Spirit or Occupied with the Word? Paul at Corinth

Scrivener reads πνεύματι, locating the constraint in Paul’s spirit or in spiritual pressure.

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VAR-2277

Acts 19:2 — “Whether There Be Any Holy Ghost”: Text, Translation, and the Ephesian Disciples

The Greek words do not require the disciples to deny the Spirit’s existence.

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VAR-2278

Acts 19:5 — Baptized in the Name of the Lord Jesus: Narrative Statement or Part of Paul’s Speech?

Scrivener and SBLGNT contain the same Greek wording.

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VAR-2279

Acts 19:9 — The School of Tyrannus and the Western Addition of the Teaching Hours

Scrivener adds τινός, the basis of ‘one Tyrannus’; SBLGNT and NA28 omit it.

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VAR-2206

Acts 2:1–4 — “All with One Accord in One Place”: The Full Opening of Pentecost

Scrivener’s ἅπαντες ὁμοθυμαδόν stresses the whole company and its one accord; SBLGNT and NA28 read πάντες ὁμοῦ, ‘all together.’ Related word-order changes occur in verses 3–4, yet every principal form records the sound, divided tongues, filling by the Holy Ghost, and other tongues.

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VAR-2208

Acts 2:17–18 — “I Will Pour Out of My Spirit”: Peter’s Citation of Joel

Neither Scrivener nor the main critical form removes ‘of my Spirit,’ the sons and daughters, or the second promise that the servants and handmaidens shall prophesy.

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VAR-2209

Acts 2:23 — “By Wicked Hands” or “through Lawless Men”? The Crucifixion Charge

Scrivener includes λαβόντες, ‘having taken,’ and uses the plural ‘hands’; the SBLGNT form omits the participle and uses the singular ‘hand’ as an agency construction.

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VAR-2210

Acts 2:30–31 — “According to the Flesh, He Would Raise Up Christ”: David’s Oath and Prophecy

The critical form omits τὸ κατὰ σάρκα ἀναστήσειν τὸν Χριστόν, the clause that identifies David’s promised descendant according to the flesh as Christ.

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VAR-2211

Acts 2:37–47 — Repentance, Baptism, Fellowship, and Those Added to the Church

This long unit contains several small differences and two conspicuous shortenings: ‘gladly’ is absent from the critical form, and ‘to the church’ becomes ‘together’ or ‘to their number.’ Repentance, baptism in Jesus Christ’s name, the gift of the Holy Ghost, apostolic doctrine, fellowship, breaking bread, and prayers remain common ground.

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VAR-2207

Acts 2:7 — “Are Not All These Which Speak Galilaeans?” The Crowd’s Astonishment

The received text supplies ‘all’ and ‘to one another’ around the crowd’s question.

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VAR-2281

Acts 20:21 — “Faith toward Our Lord Jesus Christ”: Does “Christ” Belong?

Scrivener includes Χριστόν along with two articles that make the repentance-and-faith balance more explicit.

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VAR-2282

Acts 20:25 — “Preaching the Kingdom of God”: Has “of God” Been Omitted?

The main critical form omits τοῦ θεοῦ after ‘kingdom.’ Context makes God’s kingdom the natural referent, but Scrivener states it directly as Paul recalls his preaching among the Ephesian elders.

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VAR-2283

Acts 20:28 — The Church of God or of the Lord? Purchased with His Own Blood

Scrivener and NA28 agree on ‘church of God’; Tregelles reads ‘church of the Lord,’ while the reconstructed Byzantine form reads ‘of the Lord and God.’ Word order also creates the possible critical rendering ‘the blood of his own [Son],’ though ‘his own blood’ remains grammatically defensible.

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VAR-2284

Acts 20:32 — “And Now, Brethren”: Commended to God or to the Lord?

SBLGNT and NA28 omit ‘brethren,’ but agree with Scrivener on θεῷ, ‘God.’ Westcott–Hort alone in the comparison reads ‘the Lord.’ Additional variants affect the verbs for building up and the placement of the inheritance phrase.

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VAR-2280

Acts 20:4 — Sopater of Berea or Sopater Son of Pyrrhus?

The received text includes ‘as far as Asia’ and does not name Sopater’s father.

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VAR-2286

Acts 21:20 — “How Many Thousands of Jews There Are Which Believe”

The divine title is ‘Lord’ in Scrivener and ‘God’ in SBLGNT and NA28.

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VAR-2287

Acts 21:25 — The Apostolic Decree Repeated: Which Prohibitions Belong?

The received text repeats the council’s ruling with an explicit negative: Gentile believers need observe no such law-keeping demand, except the stated prohibitions.

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VAR-2285

Acts 21:8 — “We That Were of Paul’s Company”: Does the Identifying Clause Belong?

Scrivener explicitly names ‘those around Paul’ and uses a third-person verb before the narration returns to ‘we.’ The critical form omits the identifying clause and keeps the journey consistently in the first person plural.

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VAR-2289

Acts 22:16 — “Calling on the Name of the Lord”: Does the Title Belong?

Scrivener names τοῦ κυρίου, ‘the Lord’; SBLGNT and NA28 use the pronoun αὐτοῦ, ‘his.’ The antecedent remains the risen Jesus who appeared to Paul and sent Ananias, but the received form states the title rather than leaving it pronominal.

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VAR-2290

Acts 22:26 — “Take Heed What Thou Doest”: Is the Centurion’s Warning Authentic?

Scrivener includes ὅρα, ‘see’ or ‘take heed,’ before the centurion’s question.

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VAR-2288

Acts 22:9 — Did Paul’s Companions Hear the Voice or Not Hear It?

The critical form omits ‘and were afraid,’ but the famous comparison with Acts 9:7 does not arise from that omission.

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VAR-2292

Acts 23:30 — The Accusers, the Governor, and “Farewell”: The Full Text of Claudius Lysias’s Letter

The received letter includes the reported Jewish plot, an explicit object for the accusation, and the closing Ἔρρωσο, ‘Farewell.’ SBLGNT and NA28 shorten these elements, though all forms preserve Lysias’s transfer of Paul and summons of the accusers.

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VAR-2291

Acts 23:9 — “Let Us Not Fight against God”: The Omitted End of the Pharisees’ Defense

The received text completes the Pharisees’ defense with μὴ θεομαχῶμεν, ‘let us not fight against God.’ SBLGNT and NA28 end after the possibility of a spirit or angel speaking, leaving the sentence abrupt or requiring punctuation to supply its force.

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VAR-2294

Acts 24:15 — “A Resurrection of the Dead, Both of the Just and Unjust”: Does “of the Dead” Belong?

The main critical form omits νεκρῶν, ‘of the dead.’ Resurrection already implies the dead, but Scrivener states the object and then divides that raised company into just and unjust.

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VAR-2295

Acts 24:24 — Faith in Christ or Faith in Christ Jesus? Felix Hears Paul

Scrivener and Tregelles read only Χριστόν; SBLGNT and NA28 add Ἰησοῦν.

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VAR-2293

Acts 24:6–8 — The Missing Account of Lysias’s Intervention and the Command to the Accusers

SBLGNT and NA28 omit Acts 24:6b–8a: the attempted Jewish hearing, Lysias’s forceful intervention, and his command that the accusers come to Felix.

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VAR-2296

Acts 25:6 — More than Ten Days or Eight or Ten Days? Festus’s Stay at Jerusalem

Scrivener reads πλείους, ‘more,’ and the Authorized Version supplies ‘than ten days’ from the numeral tradition.

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VAR-2297

Acts 26:14 — “It Is Hard for Thee to Kick against the Pricks”: The Saying in Its Undisputed Setting

The proverb is secure in Scrivener, SBLGNT, and NA28 at Acts 26:14.

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VAR-2298

Acts 26:28 — “Almost Thou Persuadest Me to Be a Christian”: What Did Agrippa Mean?

Scrivener uses γενέσθαι, ‘to become,’ while SBLGNT and NA28 use ποιῆσαι, ‘to make.’ The phrase ἐν ὀλίγῳ may concern a little time or a small argument, so Agrippa’s tone can be earnest, evasive, or ironic without changing the Greek text.

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VAR-2299

Acts 27:14 — Euroclydon or Euraquilo? Naming the Tempestuous Wind

Εὐροκλύδων in Scrivener resembles a compound of east wind and wave; Εὐρακύλων in SBLGNT and NA28 combines Greek ‘east’ with Latin *aquilo*, north wind.

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VAR-2300

Acts 27:16 — Clauda or Cauda? The Island That Sheltered Paul’s Ship

Scrivener reads Κλαύδην, Clauda; SBLGNT and NA28 read Καῦδα, Cauda.

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VAR-2301

Acts 27:37 — Two Hundred Threescore and Sixteen Souls: Is 276 the Authentic Number?

The numeral 276 is shared by Scrivener, SBLGNT, Tregelles, and NA28.

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VAR-2302

Acts 28:1 — Melita, Melitene, or Another Island? Identifying Paul’s Landfall

The verbal subject changes from third-person plural in Scrivener—‘they knew’—to first-person plural in SBLGNT and NA28—‘we learned.’ Both print Μελίτη, Melita or Malta; only Westcott–Hort’s apparatus alternative points to Melitene.

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VAR-2303

Acts 28:16 — The Centurion, the Captain of the Guard, and Paul’s Permission to Dwell Alone

SBLGNT and NA28 omit the entire notice about the centurion, the prisoners, and the στρατοπεδάρχης, captain of the guard.

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VAR-2304

Acts 28:25 — “The Holy Ghost by Esaias the Prophet unto Our Fathers”: Our or Your Fathers?

The single possessive pronoun changes Paul’s relationship to the unbelieving hearers.

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VAR-2305

Acts 28:29 — “The Jews Departed, and Had Great Reasoning among Themselves”

Acts 28:29 narrates the immediate result of Paul’s final word from Isaiah: his Jewish hearers leave while debating vigorously among themselves.

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VAR-2213

Acts 3:13–16 — The God of the Patriarchs, His Son Jesus, and Faith in His Name

The underlying noun παῖς is shared and can denote child or servant; ‘Son’ is the Authorized Version’s contextual rendering, not a rival noun introduced by the received text.

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VAR-2214

Acts 3:19–21 — “When the Times of Refreshing Shall Come”: The Syntax of Restoration

The dispute chiefly concerns how ὅπως ἂν and the following clauses relate to repentance, blotting out sins, refreshing, and the sending of Christ.

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VAR-2215

Acts 3:22–26 — “The Lord Your God” and “Him Shall Ye Hear”: The Full Mosaic Prophecy

The received form supplies ‘unto the fathers,’ ‘your,’ the final ‘him shall ye hear,’ and the name Jesus in verse 26.

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VAR-2212

Acts 3:6 — “Rise Up and Walk”: Do Both Commands Belong?

SBLGNT follows a shorter reading that lacks ‘rise up,’ but NA28 and Tregelles retain both commands, with only a small imperative-form difference from Scrivener.

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VAR-2216

Acts 4:12 — “Neither Is There Salvation in Any Other”: The Emphatic Order of the Only Name

Οὔτε in Scrivener and οὐδέ in the principal critical editions give slightly different connectives but the same exclusive assertion.

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VAR-2217

Acts 4:24 — “Lord, Thou Art God” or “Sovereign Lord”? The Church’s Prayer

The prayer addresses God as Δέσποτα.

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VAR-2218

Acts 4:25 — The Holy Ghost, the Mouth of David, and the Text of Psalm 2

Here the critical text is fuller, explicitly naming the Holy Spirit and calling David ‘our father.’ Scrivener’s shorter syntax connects the relative ‘who’ to the God addressed in verse 24 and still presents David’s mouth as the instrument of Psalm 2.

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VAR-2219

Acts 4:27–30 — Herod, Pilate, the Holy Child Jesus, and the Hand of God

SBLGNT and NA28 add ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ, ‘in this city,’ before Herod and Pilate.

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VAR-2221

Acts 5:28 — “Did Not We Straitly Command You?” The Interrogative Reading

The opening οὐ makes the high priest’s sentence an indignant question.

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VAR-2220

Acts 5:3–4 — Lying to the Holy Ghost and Lying to God: Variants in Peter’s Indictment

The clauses that identify Ananias’s lie to the Holy Ghost as a lie to God are common to Scrivener, SBLGNT, and NA28.

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VAR-2222

Acts 5:32 — “We Are His Witnesses”: Does the Possessive Pronoun Belong?

Scrivener includes αὐτοῦ, ‘his,’ and δέ, giving the coordinated English clauses familiar from the Authorized Version.

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VAR-2223

Acts 5:34–39 — Gamaliel’s Counsel: “Refrain,” “Let Them Alone,” and Fighting against God

The counsel contains lexical and grammatical alternatives—‘refrain’ versus ‘keep away,’ present versus future ability to overthrow, and singular versus plural objects.

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VAR-2224

Acts 6:3 — “Full of the Holy Ghost and Wisdom”: Does “Holy” Belong?

The critical form omits ἁγίου, leaving ‘Spirit’; Scrivener names the ‘Holy Spirit’ explicitly.

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VAR-2225

Acts 6:7 — The Word Increased and a Great Company of Priests Obeyed the Faith

After normalizing a movable final letter, Scrivener and SBLGNT agree on the sentence: the word increases, disciples multiply greatly in Jerusalem, and many priests obey the faith.

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VAR-2226

Acts 6:8–15 — Faith or Grace, False Witnesses, and Stephen’s Angelic Face

Πίστεως, ‘faith,’ in the received text stands against χάριτος, ‘grace,’ in the main critical form.

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VAR-2227

Acts 7:14 — Seventy-Five Souls or Seventy? Stephen, Genesis, and the Hebrew Text

The New Testament texts agree on seventy-five; the well-known tension is with the seventy persons counted in the traditional Hebrew form of Genesis 46.

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VAR-2228

Acts 7:16 — Abraham, Jacob, Shechem, and the Purchased Sepulchre

The principal forms retain Abraham, the purchase, the sons of Hamor, and Shechem; case and preposition changes do not erase the apparent compression of Genesis burial traditions.

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VAR-2229

Acts 7:30–37 — The Angel of the Lord and “Him Shall Ye Hear” in Stephen’s Moses Narrative

Scrivener names ‘an angel of the Lord’ at verse 30 and preserves the full received Mosaic formula in verse 37.

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VAR-2230

Acts 7:38, 55–56 — Living Oracles and Jesus Standing at God’s Right Hand

The description of the oracles as living and the vision of Jesus standing are shared.

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VAR-2232

Acts 8:10 — “The Great Power of God”: What Exactly Was Simon Called?

The critical form adds καλουμένη, ‘called,’ making ‘Great’ the reported designation of Simon or of the power attributed to him.

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VAR-2233

Acts 8:18 — “The Holy Ghost Was Given”: Does “Holy” Belong?

Scrivener explicitly reads τὸ ἅγιον with ‘Spirit’; SBLGNT and NA28 omit the adjective, though Tregelles retains it.

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