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# Confessional Bibliology

Defending the Authentic Texts of Scripture

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- [Articles](https://confessionalbibliology.com/articles/) - [et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Hero” _builder_version=”4.24.3″ _module_preset=”default” use_background_color_gradient=”on” background_color_gradient_direction=”148deg” background_color_gradient_stops=”#ffffff 50%|rgba(255,255,255,0.85) 75%|rgba(255,255,255,0.36) 100%” background_color_gradient_overlays_image=”on” background_color_gradient_start=”rgba(0,0,0,0.5)” background_color_gradient_end=”rgba(0,0,0,0.75)” background_image=”https://confessionalbibliology.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/0-c8e5dd4c-5659-4c6d-b77d-28cc48d8abf9-1920×1080.jpg” custom_padding=”||||false|false” locked=”off” collapsed=”on” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.24.2″ _module_preset=”5138c454-be54-4233-bd3b-f8e6a8747976″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.23.1″ _module_preset=”73121f80-a3ef-4484-8763-c3f18e3c56d2″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_heading title=”Exploring the Depths of Confessional Bibliology” _builder_version=”4.24.2″ _module_preset=”f0c675ea-2574-4d0e-b725-30f8550a8550″ title_text_color=”gcid-primary-color” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{%22gcid-primary-color%22:%91%22title_text_color%22%93}”][/et_pb_heading][et_pb_heading title=”Unveiling the Truths of Scripture” _builder_version=”4.24.2″ _module_preset=”ddeb8c09-9078-4424-bc15-2efb6572e28e” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][/et_pb_heading][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.24.2″ _module_preset=”2c55a9c4-feed-423b-9edb-ae0b5b365cac” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”] Dive into a
- [Can the Received Text and Critical Text Both Be “Pure”?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2026/02/20/can-received-text-and-critical-text-both-be-pure/) - Tests the claim that the Received Text and critical text can both be called pure when their underlying readings make mutually exclusive claims at disputed loci.
- [“Through the Manuscripts”: Does an Aggregate of Competing Readings Constitute a Preserved Text?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2026/02/13/through-the-manuscripts-aggregate-competing-readings/) - Examines whether the aggregate survival of mutually exclusive readings can constitute the preserved text rather than an evidentiary pool requiring critical adjudication.
- [Four Different Doctrines Hiding Under One Word: Survival, Recoverability, Identifiability, and Public Possession](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2026/02/06/four-doctrines-hiding-under-preservation/) - Distinguishes material survival, critical recoverability, textual identifiability, and public ecclesiastical possession as four materially different doctrines of preservation.
- [A Necessary Clarification: Lane Keister Affirms Preservation—but What Does He Mean?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2026/01/30/keister-affirms-preservation-but-what-does-he-mean/) - Clarifies Lane Keister’s explicit affirmation of preservation and identifies the dispute as one over the form, location, identifiability, and ecclesiastical availability of the preserved text.
- [When Criticism Serves the Word: What Is Ministerial Textual Criticism?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2026/01/08/when-criticism-serves-the-word/) - Defines ministerial textual criticism as the subordinate use of textual evidence and reason to recognize, defend, edit, and transmit the Scriptures God has preserved.
- [When the Critic Becomes the Judge: What Is Magisterial Textual Criticism?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2026/01/01/when-the-critic-becomes-the-judge/) - Defines magisterial textual criticism as a method in which human critical judgment becomes the practical final court for identifying the text received as Scripture.
- [How to Recognize Magisterial and Ministerial Textual Criticism in Practice](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2026/01/15/how-to-recognize-magisterial-and-ministerial-textual-criticism-in-practice/) - Provides a practical diagnostic for distinguishing magisterial from ministerial textual criticism by examining a method's starting point, process, and product.
- [The Hypocrisy and Ecclesiastical Politicking of the Men Behind ConfessionalBibliology.org](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/28/the-hypocrisy-and-ecclesiastical-politicking-of-the-men-behind-confessionalbibliology-org/) - A Critical Examination of Their Inconsistencies, Doctrinal Priorities, and Institutional Motivations For eight years, Confessional Bibliology stood as a public defense of the Textus Receptus and the Masoretic Hebrew text, providing arguments against the corruption of modern textual criticism and refutations of the arguments of its proponents such as James White. During that time, the
- [Objections to Confessional Bibliology - 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/03/01/objections-to-confessional-bibliology-8/) - The Role of the Church in Canon and Text:Reconciling Historical Diversity with a Singular “Ecclesiastical Text” 1. Introduction In confessional bibliology, one frequently hears appeals to “the Church’s recognition” of a particular text-form—often the Textus Receptus (TR) for the New Testament and the Masoretic Text (MT) for the Old Testament—as evidence of its authenticity and
- [The Comma Johanneum Part 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/28/the-comma-johanneum-part-8/) - Article 8: The Waldensians and the Transmission of the Comma(Drawing on insights from “In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7” by C. H. Pappas ThM and “A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7-8” by Michael Maynard M.L.S.) Among the most intriguing episodes in the history of 1 John 5:7—the so-called Comma
- [Modern Textual Criticism in the Light of Scripture - Part 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/27/modern-textual-criticism-in-the-light-of-scripture-part-8/) - Presuppositions at War: Why Simon’s Starting Point Rejects Confessional Bibliology Introduction Every scholar—whether Catholic, Protestant, or secular—approaches Scripture with certain foundational assumptions. In the late seventeenth century, Richard Simon, a Catholic priest of the Oratory of Jesus (the Oratorians), brought those assumptions into sharp focus by championing a textual criticism that, while “historical” in method,
- [Presuppositional Analysis - The Received Text: A Field Guide](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/26/presuppositional-analysis-the-received-text-a-field-guide/) - 1. Introduction to the Presuppositional Method A presuppositional analysis looks beneath an author’s explicit claims to evaluate the foundational beliefs or assumptions that guide his thinking. It asks: “Where does the author ground his epistemology (i.e., theory of knowledge)? Are his claims about God and Scripture rooted in the authority of divine revelation, or do
- [The Received Text: A Field Guide - Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/26/the-received-text-a-field-guide-review/) - Book Review of The Received Text: A Field Guide By Taylor DeSoto Kept Pure Press, 2024 (Exact page count not listed) 1. Bibliographic Information •Title: The Received Text: A Field Guide •Author: Taylor DeSoto •Publisher: Kept Pure Press (2024) •Length: Not explicitly stated in the text, though it comprises thirteen main chapters plus an introduction
- [Objections to Confessional Bibliology - 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/21/objections-to-confessional-bibliology-7/) - Modern Translations vs. TR-Based Translations:How Confessional Bibliology Views Their Reliability 1. Introduction In the crowded world of English Bible translations, readers often encounter a variety of approaches and textual bases. On the one side are translations rooted in the Textus Receptus (TR), such as the King James Version (KJV) and the New King James Version
- [Objections to Confessional Bibliology - 6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/14/objections-to-confessional-bibliology-6/) - Archetype vs. Providential Preservation:Does Older Evidence Undermine a Single Confessional Textual Line? 1. Introduction A central tenet of confessional bibliology is the belief that God has providentially preserved the text of Scripture in a particular form—most commonly identified with the Masoretic Text for the Old Testament and the Textus Receptus (TR) for the New Testament.
- [Objections to Confessional Bibliology - 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/31/objections-to-confessional-bibliology-4/) - Which Textus Receptus Edition Is the “Authentic” One?The Final Form in the King James Version and Scrivener’s Edition 1. Introduction For many who adhere to confessional bibliology, the Textus Receptus (often abbreviated “TR”) represents the preserved Greek New Testament used by the Protestant Reformers. But those new to this topic frequently encounter a puzzling reality:
- [Objections to Confessional Bibliology - 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/07/objections-to-confessional-bibliology-5/) - Confessional Authority vs. Scriptural Authority:Are We Elevating Tradition over Revelation? 1. Introduction Throughout church history, Christians have wrestled with the question of how human traditions—creeds, confessions, or denominational standards—relate to Scripture. At the heart of the Protestant Reformation was the cry of sola Scriptura, meaning Scripture alone holds final authority for faith and practice. Yet
- [Objections to Confessional Bibliology - 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/24/objections-to-confessional-bibliology-3/) - “Scientific” Textual Criticism vs. Confessional Bibliology:Why Would We Subordinate Modern Methods to Historic Confessions? 1. Introduction For many Christians, the Bible is not just another ancient text. It is God’s inspired Word, carrying ultimate authority for faith and practice. Yet the Bible we hold in our hands today comes from manuscripts that have been preserved,
- [Objections to Confessional Bibliology - 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/17/objections-to-confessional-bibliology-2/) - Manuscript Variations in the Ecclesiastical Text:How Do We Know Which Readings Are Correct? 1. Introduction When we talk about Bible manuscripts—hand-copied versions of biblical books—we often hear about the differences between so-called text types or families: the “Alexandrian” tradition, the “Byzantine” tradition, the “Western” tradition, and so forth. But what if we focus on just
- [Objections to Confessional Bibliology - 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/10/objections-to-confessional-bibliology-1/) - Confessional Bibliology and the Reformation Text: Exploring the Question of Older Manuscripts Introduction When you pick up a modern Bible in English—whether it’s the King James Version (KJV), the New International Version (NIV), the English Standard Version (ESV), or another translation—it can be easy to assume that all Bibles draw on basically the same original
- [Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives Part 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/20/understanding-confessional-bibliology-historical-theological-and-practical-perspectives-part-8/) - Conclusion and Future DirectionsSeries Title: “Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives” Introduction Over the course of this eight-part series, we have explored Confessional Bibliology from its historical inception in the Protestant Reformation to its theological rationale, textual tradition, practical church implications, and engagement with wider communities. We have aimed to show that far
- [Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives Part 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/13/understanding-confessional-bibliology-historical-theological-and-practical-perspectives-part-7/) - Engagement with the Wider Evangelical and Academic CommunitiesSeries Title: “Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives” Introduction In our previous articles, we explored Confessional Bibliology—its historical roots (Articles 1–2), its theological underpinnings (Article 3), its relationship to textual tradition and modern critical methods (Article 4), addressed common misconceptions and controversies (Article 5), and surveyed
- [Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives Part 6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/06/understanding-confessional-bibliology-historical-theological-and-practical-perspectives-part-6/) - Practical Implications for the Church and TheologySeries Title: “Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives” Introduction Having addressed common misconceptions in Article 5—distinguishing Confessional Bibliology from KJV-Onlyism, anti-intellectualism, and dismissiveness of manuscript data—we now turn to the practical outworkings of Confessional Bibliology for local church life and broader theological discourse. This sixth article spotlights
- [Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/30/understanding-confessional-bibliology-historical-theological-and-practical-perspectives-part-5/) - Common Misconceptions and ControversiesSeries Title: “Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives” Introduction In the preceding articles, we have surveyed the foundations and theology of Confessional Bibliology—an approach rooted in Reformed confessions (e.g., Westminster Confession of Faith 1.8, Second London Baptist Confession of Faith 1.8) and historically championed by theologians such as William Whitaker,
- [Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/23/understanding-confessional-bibliology-historical-theological-and-practical-perspectives-part-4/) - The Textual Tradition: Receptus, Critical Text, and the Confessional ApproachSeries Title: “Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives” Introduction In our previous articles, we established the historical background of Confessional Bibliology (Articles 1 and 2) and its theological underpinnings (Article 3). We now turn to the textual dimension itself—contrasting the classic “Received Text” tradition
- [Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/16/understanding-confessional-bibliology-historical-theological-and-practical-perspectives-part-3/) - Article 3The Theological Architecture of Confessional BibliologySeries Title: “Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives” Introduction In the previous articles, we established the historical and confessional basis for Confessional Bibliology, observing how the Reformed tradition from Luther and Calvin through the age of Protestant Orthodoxy insisted that the Hebrew Old Testament and Greek New
- [Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/09/understanding-confessional-bibliology-historical-theological-and-practical-perspectives-part-2/) - Article 2Historical and Confessional FoundationsSeries Title: “Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives” Introduction In our first article, we introduced Confessional Bibliology as the robustly Reformed stance that God has preserved the authentic text of Scripture—the Old Testament in Hebrew and the New Testament in Greek—such that no generation of believers has ever lacked
- [Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/02/understanding-confessional-bibliology-historical-theological-and-practical-perspectives-part-1/) - Article 1: Introduction to Confessional BibliologySeries Title: “Understanding Confessional Bibliology: Historical, Theological, and Practical Perspectives” I. Setting the Stage 1. Defining “Confessional Bibliology.”At its core, Confessional Bibliology is the position that the original text of the Holy Scriptures — in Hebrew for the Old Testament and Greek for the New Testament — has been providentially
- [Modern Textual Criticism in the Light of Scripture - Part 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/20/modern-textual-criticism-in-the-light-of-scripture-part-7/) - The Roots of Modern Textual Criticism: Tracing the Influence of Simon’s Historical Methods Introduction Textual criticism, the discipline that studies the history and transmission of ancient manuscripts to discern their original form, has become a mainstay of biblical scholarship in the modern era. Yet its origins often trace back to a handful of key figures
- [Modern Textual Criticism in the Light of Scripture - Part 6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/13/modern-textual-criticism-in-the-light-of-scripture-part-6/) - Undermining Certainty: Analyzing Simon’s Critique of “Protestant” Scripture Preservation Introduction One of the hallmark convictions of the Protestant Reformation has been that the Scriptures, as God’s inspired Word, are divinely preserved through history, remaining fundamentally reliable and clear. This belief, often called the doctrine of “providential preservation,” plays a crucial part in sustaining Sola Scriptura:
- [Modern Textual Criticism in the Light of Scripture - Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/06/modern-textual-criticism-in-the-light-of-scripture-part-5/) - “The True Church” in Conflict: Simon’s Catholic Polemics and Their Impact on Biblical Authority Introduction From the earliest days of the Protestant Reformation, the notion of “the true church” was hotly contested. Protestants declared that, in returning to Scripture as the final authority, they were heeding the original apostolic teaching. By contrast, Rome’s representatives insisted
- [Modern Textual Criticism in the Light of Scripture - Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/30/modern-textual-criticism-in-the-light-of-scripture-part-4/) - Tradition vs. Revelation: Assessing Simon’s Preference for Ecclesiastical Authority over Scripture Introduction Richard Simon’s Critical History of the Text of the New Testament is most often remembered for its pioneering contributions to textual criticism. Yet, beyond his meticulously documented manuscript variants, Simon also carried a broader polemical aim: to show that Scripture on its own,
- [Modern Textual Criticism in the Light of Scripture - Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/23/modern-textual-criticism-in-the-light-of-scripture-part-3/) - Questioning the “Original Text”: A Presuppositional Critique of Richard Simon’s Manuscript Analyses Introduction Few debates in church history have been as pivotal as those concerning the purity and preservation of the New Testament text. For Protestant Reformers, the concept of a divinely superintended text—one that is essentially intact and authoritative for doctrine—proved fundamental. This notion
- [Modern Textual Criticism in the Light of Scripture - Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/16/modern-textual-criticism-in-the-light-of-scripture-part-2/) - The Rise of Enlightenment Rationalism: How Simon’s Methods Foreshadow Modern Skepticism Introduction Richard Simon (1638–1712) is often described as “the father of modern textual criticism.” More than a century before Enlightenment thinkers openly questioned the reliability of biblical revelation, Simon’s Critical History of the Text of the New Testament employed a historical and philological style
- [Modern Textual Criticism in the Light of Scripture - Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/09/modern-textual-criticism-in-the-light-of-scripture-part-1/) - Unmasking the Counter-Reformation Agenda: Richard Simon’s Assault on Sola Scriptura Introduction and Historical Context In the late seventeenth century, a French Oratorian priest named Richard Simon (1638–1712) laid the groundwork for what we now call modern textual criticism. Simon’s Critical History of the Text of the New Testament broke with many established norms of his
- [Presuppositional Analysis - Why I Preach from the Received Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/19/presuppositional-analysis-why-i-preach-from-the-received-text/) - Presuppositional Analysis ofWhy I Preach from the Received Text: An Anthology of Essays by Reformed Ministers 1. Introduction to the Presuppositional Method God’s Self-Attesting RevelationThis anthology, Why I Preach from the Received Text, is a collective testimony of Reformed and Presbyterian ministers who have elected to root their preaching in the traditional Greek New Testament
- [Why I Preach from the Received Text - Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/19/why-i-preach-from-the-received-text-review/) - 1. Bibliographic Information Title: Why I Preach from the Received Text: An Anthology of Essays by Reformed MinistersEditors: Jeffrey T. Riddle & Christian M. McShaffreyPublisher (Year): The Greater Heritage (2022)Length: Twenty-five essays (plus editorial introduction and ancillary sections), spanning roughly 300+ pages (hardcover/paperback/eBook formats), supplemented by an annotated bibliography and practical appendices. Exact page count
- [Presuppositional Analysis - Has the Bible Been Kept Pure](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/12/presuppositional-analysis-has-the-bible-been-kept-pure/) - Presuppositional Analysis of T. Garnet Howard Milne’sHas the Bible Been Kept Pure? The Westminster Confession of Faith and the Providential Preservation of Scripture 1. Introduction to the Presuppositional Method God’s Self-Attesting RevelationT. Garnet Howard Milne’s Has the Bible Been Kept Pure? is anchored in a robustly confessional Reformed tradition that begins with God’s sovereign, triune
- [Has the Bible Been Kept Pure - Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/12/has-the-bible-been-kept-pure-review/) - Bibliographic InformationTitle: Has the Bible been kept pure? The Westminster Confession of Faith and the providential preservation of ScriptureAuthor: T. Garnet Howard MilnePublisher (Year): Copyright © Garnet Howard Milne 2017 (self-published or independently published; no specific publishing house is stated)Length: The document spans multiple chapters (at least seven), plus a foreword, preface, introduction, concluding section,
- [Presuppositional Analysis - The Canon of the Holy Scriptures](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/05/presuppositional-analysis-the-canon-of-the-holy-scriptures/) - 1. Introduction to the Presuppositional Method 1.1 God’s Self-Attesting Revelation In a presuppositional framework, the triune God reveals Himself authoritatively in Scripture such that the Bible bears self-authenticating marks. This principle emerges throughout Gaussen’s dogmatic portion (“Method of Faith”). For instance, he states that the same God who breathed these writings out over fourteen centuries
- [The Canon of the Holy Scriptures from the Double Point of View of Science and Faith - Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/05/the-canon-of-the-holy-scriptures-from-the-double-point-of-view-of-science-and-faith-review/) - 1. Bibliographic Information Title: The Canon of the Holy Scriptures from the Double Point of View of Science and FaithAuthor: Louis Gaussen (D.D., Geneva)Publisher (Year): James Nisbet and Co., 21 Berners Street, London, 1862 (Third Edition)Length: Over 700 pages in the original French (the English translation reviewed here is also sizable, containing multiple parts, chapters,
- [Presuppositional Analysis - Theopneustia](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/29/presuppositional-analysis-theopneustia/) - Presuppositional Analysis ofTheopneustia; or, The Divine Origin and Inspiration of the Holy Scripturesby Louis Gaussen 1. Introduction to the Presuppositional Method In Theopneustia, Louis Gaussen sets out a strong, unambiguous thesis: The Bible, in its entirety, is the inspired Word of God—verbally, plenarily, and infallibly given by the Holy Spirit. He argues that every word
- [Theopneustia - Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/29/theopneustia-review/) - 1. Bibliographic Information Title: Theopneustia: The Bible, Its Divine Origin and InspirationAuthor: Louis Gaussen (Professor of Systematic Theology, Oratoire, Geneva)Publisher (Year): George S. Blanchard (Cincinnati, 1859) (New and Revised Edition)Length: Approximately 300+ pages (in-depth treatise, including analysis, scriptural references, and topical index) Originally composed in French and subsequently translated into English with expansions and revisions,
- [Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics, Vol. 2 (Holy Scripture) Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/22/post-reformation-reformed-dogmatics-vol-2-holy-scripture-review/) - 1. Bibliographic Information Title: Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics, Volume 2: Holy Scripture—The Cognitive Foundation of Theology (Second Edition)Author: Richard A. MullerPublisher (Year): Baker Academic (2003; second printing 2006)Length: 580+ pages (divided into two major parts, multiple chapters, plus prefaces, bibliography, and index) Richard A. Muller’s Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics, Volume 2 is part of a multivolume series
- [Presuppositional Analysis - Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics, Vol. 2 (Holy Scripture)](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/22/presuppositional-analysis-post-reformation-reformed-dogmatics-vol-2-holy-scripture/) - Presuppositional Analysis ofPost-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics, Volume 2: Holy Scripture—The Cognitive Foundation of Theologyby Richard A. Muller 1. Introduction to the Presuppositional Method A presuppositional reading of Richard A. Muller’s Holy Scripture: The Cognitive Foundation of Theology (Volume 2 of Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics) involves approaching his historical-theological work with the conviction that God’s self-attesting revelation in
- [Presuppositional Analysis of John Owen On Holy Scriptures](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/15/presuppositional-analysis-of-john-owen-on-holy-scriptures/) - 1. Introduction to the Presuppositional Method Biblical presuppositional apologetics begins with the recognition that the triune God, who created and sustains all things, speaks authoritatively in His Word. In other words, God’s self-attesting revelation—recorded in Scripture—must serve as our ultimate standard for truth and knowledge. This central principle refuses to treat human reason as a
- [John Owen On Holy Scriptures - A Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/15/john-owen-on-holy-scriptures-a-review/) - 1. Bibliographic Information Title: The Works of John Owen, Volume 16Author: John Owen (1616–1683)Publisher/Edition: Various printings exist; most modern reproductions follow the Banner of Truth Trust’s 16-volume set (originally edited by William H. Goold and published by Johnstone & Hunter, 1850–53).Year: First compiled in the mid-17th century; definitive modern reprints in the late 20th century.Length:
- [A Disputation on Holy Scripture Presuppositional Analysis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/08/a-disputation-on-holy-scripture-presuppositional-analysis/) - 1. Introduction to the Presuppositional Method Within presuppositional apologetics, the hallmark is that all reasoning—historical, textual, or theological—presupposes either the triune God’s revelation or a competing ultimate authority. A text that accords well with the Reformed tradition typically begins by grounding knowledge of God in Scripture as the final standard rather than in “neutral” rational
- [Review of A Disputation on Holy Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/08/review-of-a-disputation-on-holy-scripture/) - Book Review ofA Disputation on Holy ScriptureBy William Whitaker (1588) 1. Bibliographic Information Title: A Disputation on Holy Scripture: Against the Papists, Especially Bellarmine and Stapleton Author: William Whitaker Original Publication Date: 1588 (Several later reprints) Length: In its modern edited forms, the treatise often runs several hundred pages. Publisher (Modern): Various reprint editions exist,
- [The Comma Johanneum Part 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/21/the-comma-johanneum-part-7/) - Article 7: The Councils and Ecclesiastical Usage(Drawing on insights from “In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7” by C. H. Pappas ThM and “A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7-8” by Michael Maynard M.L.S.) One of the most telling indicators of how a biblical verse was regarded throughout church history is
- [The Comma Johanneum Part 6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/14/the-comma-johanneum-part-6/) - Article 6: Cassiodorus, Fulgentius, and the Witness of the Latin Fathers(Drawing on insights from “In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7” by C. H. Pappas ThM and “A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7-8” by Michael Maynard M.L.S.) For centuries, one of the most persistent contentions over the text of the
- [The Comma Johanneum Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/07/the-comma-johanneum-part-5/) - Article 5: Jerome’s Vulgate and the Prologue to the Catholic Epistles(Drawing on insights from “In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7” by C. H. Pappas ThM and “A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7-8” by Michael Maynard M.L.S.) For anyone delving into the centuries-long debate over 1 John 5:7 (often termed
- [The Comma Johanneum Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/31/the-comma-johanneum-part-4/) - Article 4: The Old Latin Manuscripts and the Early Versions(Drawing on insights from “In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7” by C. H. Pappas ThM and “A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7-8” by Michael Maynard M.L.S.) The debate over the authenticity of 1 John 5:7 (often called the Comma Johanneum)
- [The Comma Johanneum Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/24/the-comma-johanneum-part-3/) - Article 3: Priscillian and the Latin Evidence(Drawing on insights from “In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7” by C. H. Pappas ThM and “A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7-8” by Michael Maynard M.L.S.) When discussing the history and transmission of 1 John 5:7, the spotlight often falls on how deeply
- [The Comma Johanneum Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/17/the-comma-johanneum-part-2/) - Article 2: Early Church Witnesses: Tertullian and Cyprian(Drawing on insights from “In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7” by C. H. Pappas ThM and “A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7-8” by Michael Maynard M.L.S.) When one studies the origin and transmission of 1 John 5:7, often called the Comma Johanneum,
- [The Comma Johanneum Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/10/the-comma-johanneum-part-1/) - Article 1: Introduction: Why Defend 1 John 5:7?(Drawing on insights from “In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7” by C. H. Pappas ThM and “A History of the Debate over 1 John 5:7-8” by Michael Maynard M.L.S.) The passage commonly referred to as the “Comma Johanneum,” found in 1 John 5:7, has generated
- [Doctrine of the Canon Part 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/25/doctrine-of-the-canon-part-8/) - Defining ‘Inspiration’ and Its Role in Canon FormationArticle 8 (Series 1) Introduction In Christian theology, few concepts are as central or as contested as inspiration. From the earliest Church Fathers to modern Reformed confessions, believers have insisted that Scripture is not merely human reflection on the divine, but rather God’s own self-disclosure through the writings
- [Doctrine of the Canon Part 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/18/doctrine-of-the-canon-part-7/) - The Essential Attributes of Canonicity—Divine Authority and InfallibilityArticle 7 (Series 1) Introduction What sets the canonical books of Scripture apart from all other writings? In Christian theology, two attributes often rise to the forefront: divine authority and infallibility. These features underpin the unique status of canonical works and shape the Church’s posture toward Scripture. Whereas
- [Doctrine of the Canon Part 6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/11/doctrine-of-the-canon-part-6/) - Faith as the Inward Principle of Canon RecognitionArticle 6 (Series 1) Introduction Christian theology affirms that the canon of Scripture—the collection of God-breathed writings recognized by the Church as authoritative—cannot be grasped purely through historical, textual, or institutional criteria. Instead, faith plays a decisive role in discerning which books are truly from God. This notion
- [Doctrine of the Canon Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/04/doctrine-of-the-canon-part-5/) - Canon vs. Tradition—A Reformation PerspectiveArticle 5 (Series 1) Introduction From the earliest centuries of Christian history, there has been a perennial tension between Scripture and Tradition. At stake is the question of final authority in matters of faith and practice: is the Church dependent on a singular, inspired canon, or does it rely equally upon
- [Doctrine of the Canon Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/28/doctrine-of-the-canon-part-4/) - The Apostles and the New Testament Canon: Inspired Recognition, Not Ecclesiastical FiatArticle 4 (Series 1) Introduction Few questions in early Christian history have generated as much attention as the formation of the New Testament (NT) canon: Why were certain writings received as authoritative while others were not? Did ecclesiastical authorities invent the notion of “canonical
- [Doctrine of the Canon Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/21/doctrine-of-the-canon-part-3/) - Christ’s Testimony to the Old Testament Canon: A Model for the ChurchArticle 3 (Series 1) Introduction From the earliest centuries of Christianity, believers have found comfort and confidence in the fact that Christ Himself treated the Old Testament (OT) as sacred Scripture. Jesus’ repeated references to “the Law and the Prophets,” His appeal to individual
- [Doctrine of the Canon Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/14/doctrine-of-the-canon-part-2/) - Scripture as Divine Self-Revelation—Why Canon MattersArticle 2 (Series 1) Introduction The assertion that Scripture is divine self-revelation lies at the heart of historic Christian theology. It means that the texts we call “canonical” are not merely ancient documents capturing human religious experience; rather, they are the words of God Himself, given to humanity for the
- [Doctrine of the Canon Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/07/doctrine-of-the-canon-part-1/) - What Is the Canon? Defining ‘Canon’ in Biblical and Historical ContextArticle 1 (Series 1) Introduction The term “canon,” in ecclesiastical contexts, describes far more than a mere collection of religious texts. It stands, historically, for a body of writings received by the Church as revelatory, authoritative, and normative for faith and practice. In Greek, the
- [Providential Preservation Series Part 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/25/providential-preservation-series-part-8/) - Article 8: Reformation-Era Confessions and the Pure Text – Comparing Confessional Statements Introduction The Protestant Reformation was a watershed moment that radically reshaped Christian theology, worship, and church governance. Yet behind its visible transformations in doctrine and practice lay a deep-rooted assumption: that the Scriptures—God’s inspired Word—were reliably preserved through centuries of transmission. Protestant leaders
- [Providential Preservation Series Part 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/18/providential-preservation-series-part-7/) - Article 7: Sola Scriptura and the Necessity of a Preserved Bible – How Preservation Undergirds Protestant Epistemology Introduction Among the defining cries of the Protestant Reformation, Sola Scriptura—“Scripture alone”—stands out as both the hinge and heartbeat of evangelical theology. By insisting that the Bible is the highest authority in matters of faith and practice, the
- [Providential Preservation Series Part 6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/11/providential-preservation-series-part-6/) - Article 6: Historical Testimony of the Church on Preservation – From Early Church Fathers to the Reformation Introduction The doctrine of providential preservation—that God has guarded the Scriptures from catastrophic loss or corruption—did not emerge in a historical vacuum. It took shape over centuries, building upon the convictions, practices, and affirmations of believers in every
- [Providential Preservation Series Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/04/providential-preservation-series-part-5/) - Article 5: The Westminster Confession and Preservation – Analyzing WCF 1:8 Introduction Among the many articles of the Westminster Confession of Faith, few have generated as much ongoing conversation as Chapter 1, Section 8, which declares that the Scriptures, “being immediately inspired by God, and by His singular care and providence kept pure in all
- [Providential Preservation Series Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/28/providential-preservation-series-part-4/) - Article 4: The Reformers and the Preservation of Scripture – Luther, Calvin, and the Doctrine of Scripture Introduction Few movements in Christian history changed the course of Western thought more profoundly than the Protestant Reformation. In the early 16th century, Sola Scriptura—Scripture alone as the ultimate authority—became the battle cry of the Reformers. Leading figures
- [Providential Preservation Series Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/21/providential-preservation-series-part-3/) - Article 3: The Role of Providence in Scripture – How God’s Providence Ensures Textual Purity Introduction Within Christian theology, few concepts are as essential—and yet often misunderstood—as providence. Traditionally, providence denotes God’s continuous action of upholding and governing His creation. According to Reformed orthodoxy, this divine oversight extends not just to the physical cosmos but
- [Providential Preservation Series Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/14/providential-preservation-series-part-2/) - Article 2: Biblical Foundations for Preservation – Key Scriptures on God’s Promise to Preserve His Word Introduction Few doctrines in Christian theology hinge so obviously upon Scripture’s own statements as the belief that God preserves His written Word. From the earliest church fathers to the magisterial Reformers, believers have maintained that God Himself, by His
- [Providential Preservation Series Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/07/providential-preservation-series-part-1/) - Article 1: Introduction to Providential Preservation – Defining the Doctrine and Its Significance Introduction For centuries, Christians have grappled with one enduring question: How can we be sure the Scriptures have come down to us, across countless generations and through varied scribal hands, in a trustworthy form? This concern—about whether the Bible remains fundamentally intact—is
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Part 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/24/doctrine-of-inspiration-part-8/) - Article 8: The Old Testament—Law, Prophets, Writings, and Inspiration The Old Testament stands as a large, complex tapestry of narratives, poetry, legal codes, genealogies, prophecies, and wisdom literature—written by numerous authors across a span of roughly a millennium. Yet, from a classical Christian perspective, this diverse collection speaks with a single divine voice: the Holy
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Part 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/17/doctrine-of-inspiration-part-7/) - Article 7: Unity and Diversity—Many Authors, One Divine Voice When people first encounter the Bible, they sometimes express surprise at how profoundly varied its contents are. The Psalms, stirring us with poetic hymns of lament or praise, hardly sound like the clipped, historical narratives in Judges or the lofty doctrinal expositions in Romans. Add to
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Part 6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/10/doctrine-of-inspiration-part-6/) - Article 6: Getting Comfortable With Terms—Revelation, Inspiration, Illumination When people discuss the Bible as “the Word of God,” they often invoke three theological terms—revelation, inspiration, and illumination—that appear intertwined yet carry distinct nuances. At first glance, these might seem like interchangeable or overly “academic” ideas. But historically, they have helped believers articulate precisely how Scripture
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/03/doctrine-of-inspiration-part-5/) - Article 5: The Bible as “Living Oracles” One of the most stirring claims made about Scripture is that it constitutes the very “oracles” of God—living, active declarations that transcend time and speak directly into human experience. In the early Church, New Testament authors repeatedly cite the Old Testament as “God’s oracles,” affirming that the words
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/27/doctrine-of-inspiration-part-4/) - Article 4: Luther, Calvin, and the Reformers on God’s Word The 16th-century Reformation stands as a pivotal moment in Christian history, reshaping not merely church structures and sacraments but also the very understanding of Scripture’s authority. Suddenly, the Bible’s status soared to new prominence among entire populations, thanks in large part to vernacular translations, renewed
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/20/doctrine-of-inspiration-part-3/) - Article 3: Scripture Through the Ages—Medieval to Reformation Throughout history, the Christian Church has consistently regarded the Bible as far more than a mere repository of religious ideas. From the early centuries to modern times, believers have spoken of Scripture as a living, transformative Word from God. Yet the nuances of how the Church understood,
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/13/doctrine-of-inspiration-part-2/) - Article 2: Scripture as ‘Holy Letters’—Getting to Know Theopneustia When the apostle Paul, in his second letter to Timothy, wrote the phrase “All Scripture is given by inspiration of God,” he likely had no idea how pivotal that expression—“God-breathed”—would become in centuries of Christian theology. In 2 Timothy 3:16, we encounter a concise yet profound
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/06/doctrine-of-inspiration-part-1/) - The Grand Story of Scripture: Why Inspiration Matters When we open the pages of the Bible, we are immediately confronted with a sweeping narrative that spans from the dawn of creation to the consummation of all things. Within its texts, we discover epic accounts of beginnings and endings, of brokenness and restoration, of cosmic struggles
- [Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 1 Part 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/24/westminster-confession-of-faith-chapter-1-part-8/) - Article 8: Why the Apocrypha Is Not Scripture (WCF 1.3) Within Protestantism, the most evident departure from Roman Catholic teaching on the canon revolves around the status of the so-called “Apocrypha”—a set of texts included in the Vulgate and recognized as “deuterocanonical” by the Council of Trent (1546), yet categorically excluded by the Westminster Confession
- [Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 1 Part 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/17/westminster-confession-of-faith-chapter-1-part-7/) - Article 7: The New Testament Canon: Apostles and Evangelists Having surveyed the Old Testament canon (Article 6), we turn now to the New Testament canon—a set of twenty-seven books that completes Scripture’s testimony regarding the person and work of Jesus Christ and the mission of the apostolic church. The Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF 1.2)
- [Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 1 Part 6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/10/westminster-confession-of-faith-chapter-1-part-6/) - Article 6: The Old Testament Canon: Law, Prophets, and Writings Building on the question of canonicity explored in Article 5, we now turn specifically to the Old Testament canon—its threefold division into Law, Prophets, and Writings, its historical recognition among the Jewish people, and its reception within the Reformed tradition as articulated by the Westminster
- [Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 1 Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/03/westminster-confession-of-faith-chapter-1-part-5/) - Article 5: What Makes a Book “Canonical”? (WCF 1.2) Having examined the tension between tradition and Scripture (Article 4), we now turn to a closely related issue: how the Reformed tradition, and particularly the Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF 1.2), defines and recognizes the boundaries of the biblical canon. The question “What makes a book
- [Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 1 Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/27/westminster-confession-of-faith-chapter-1-part-4/) - Article 4: Views of Tradition vs. Written Revelation in Church History Article 4 turns to a core contention in Reformation-era polemics and one of the most enduring debates in Christian theology: the relative place of tradition alongside the written Word of God. The Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF 1.2–1.3) explicitly repudiates the notion that any
- [Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 1 Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/20/westminster-confession-of-faith-chapter-1-part-3/) - Article 3: “Sundry Times and Divers Manners”: How God Revealed Himself (WCF 1.1) From the outset, the Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF) recognizes that the God of Scripture has not always communicated His redemptive purposes in the same way. Rather, He has progressively disclosed Himself throughout history—in “sundry times and divers manners” (Hebrews 1:1)—leading inexorably
- [Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 1 Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/13/westminster-confession-of-faith-chapter-1-part-2/) - Article 2: The Necessity of Scripture: Why God Spoke in Writing (WCF 1.1) The second article in this series focuses on the opening paragraph of the Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF 1.1), which unequivocally affirms the necessity of Holy Scripture. By “necessity,” the Westminster divines meant that God deliberately chose to commit His saving revelation
- [Westminster Confession of Faith Chapter 1 Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/06/westminster-confession-of-faith-chapter-1-part-1/) - Article I: Introducing Chapter 1 of the Westminster Confession of Faith The opening chapter of the Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF), entitled “Of the Holy Scripture,” is foundational not only to the Confession’s overall theological system but to the entire Protestant tradition that arose out of the Reformation. For the Westminster divines, who convened from
- [A Call to Stand Firm Against Modern Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/20/a-call-to-stand-firm-against-modern-textual-criticism/) - I. Introduction Within the broader Christian community, the authority and preservation of Scripture have long been central points of theological reflection. Debate over how the biblical text has been transmitted and preserved is by no means a new phenomenon; the Church from its earliest centuries has engaged in various degrees of textual study and comparison.
- [MTC is heresy Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/20/mtc-is-heresy-part-4/) - Article 4: Modern Textual Criticism’s Denial of Providential PreservationThesis: The rejection of the Textus Receptus in favor of the Critical Text is a rejection of the biblical doctrine of providential preservation. Introduction Providential preservation is central to how the Church has historically understood the transmission of Holy Scripture. It teaches that the God who inspired
- [MTC is Heresy Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/19/mtc-is-heresy-part-3/) - Article 3: The Spirit of Truth or the Spirit of Deception?Thesis: The Critical Text accuses the Holy Ghost of bearing false witness by affirming false readings for over 1,800 years. Introduction Scripture unequivocally testifies that the Holy Ghost is the “Spirit of truth” (John 16:13, AV). He guides believers into all truth, bears infallible witness
- [MTC is Heresy Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/18/mtc-is-heresy-part-2/) - Article 2: Sola Scriptura vs. Modern Textual CriticismThesis: Modern textual criticism undermines Sola Scriptura by placing the authority of textual scholars above the witness of the Holy Ghost in the Church. Introduction Sola Scriptura—“Scripture alone”—stands as a defining principle of the Protestant Reformation. It declares that the Holy Scriptures are the sole infallible rule of
- [MTC is Heresy Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/02/17/mtc-is-heresy-part-1/) - Article 1: The Fundamental Issue: The Holy Ghost and the Text of ScriptureThesis: The Spirit of Truth bears witness to the true text of Scripture, and providential preservation ensures that the Church has received the Word of God without error. Modern textual criticism, by rejecting the traditional text, implicitly claims the Holy Ghost has borne
- [Scholarly Arrogance in Confessional Circles: A Call to Repentance](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/14/scholarly-arrogance-in-confessional-circles-a-call-to-repentance/) - While the confessional view rightly upholds the doctrines of the authority, inspiration, and providential preservation of Scripture, a troubling trend has emerged among some who profess adherence to this view. Certain individuals, who claim fidelity to the Westminster or Second London Baptist Confessions of Faith, elevate scholarship and academic credentials as superior to the work
- [Ruckmanism vs. Reformed Theology: Analyzing the Authority and Inspiration of the King James Version Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/05/ruckmanism-vs-reformed-theology-analyzing-the-authority-and-inspiration-of-the-king-james-version-part-1/) - I. Introduction Dr. Peter Ruckman’s advocacy for the King James Version (KJV) as the sole and ultimate authority in Christian theology has positioned him as a polarizing figure within textual and theological studies. His teachings, commonly referred to as "Ruckmanism," elevate the 1611 Authorized Version to a level of authority surpassing even the original Greek
- [Textual vs. Conceptual Preservation: The Battle for Biblical Authority and Integrity Part 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/09/textual-vs-conceptual-preservation-the-battle-for-biblical-authority-and-integrity-part-7/) - This series is a response to Lane Keister's response to my previous series about his heresy. You can read his response here. It's a doozy. In 532 words he promotes 12 distinct heresies and demonstrates he doesn't understand the basic principles of hermeneutics. Final Exhortation: Holding Fast to the Truth In every age, the church
- [James R. White Doesn't Exist](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/07/james-r-white-doesnt-exist/) - Textual Variants, Logical Contradictions, and the Principle of Explosion One of the fundamental presuppositions underlying Christian theological discourse is that Scripture is both authoritative and coherent. Within this framework, it is generally held that no genuine contradictions reside in the biblical text, at least not when interpreted properly. Yet, the variants among the manuscript used
- [Textual vs. Conceptual Preservation: The Battle for Biblical Authority and Integrity Part 6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/07/textual-vs-conceptual-preservation-the-battle-for-biblical-authority-and-integrity-part-6/) - This series is a response to Lane Keister's response to my previous series about his heresy. You can read his response here. It's a doozy. In 532 words he promotes 12 distinct heresies and demonstrates he doesn't understand the basic principles of hermeneutics. Ichabod: God’s Judgment on Compromise The Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC) was founded
- [Exploring 17th-Century Lutheran Views on Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/07/exploring-17th-century-lutheran-views-on-scripture/) - When we look back at the 17th century, especially within the Lutheran Church, we're peering into a fascinating time often dubbed the era of Lutheran Orthodoxy or Lutheran Scholasticism. Imagine a period where theologians were deeply engrossed in studying and systematizing their beliefs, building upon the groundbreaking work of Martin Luther and his fellow reformers
- [Key Textual Variants and Doctrinal Implications Series: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/04/key-textual-variants-and-doctrinal-implications-series-an-introduction/) - In the study of biblical manuscripts, one quickly encounters the term “textual variants”—differences among ancient copies of Scripture that arise from variations in wording, spelling, or phrasing. These variants may seem minor or purely academic, but in some cases, they hold substantial implications for Christian doctrine. This article serves as an introduction to the
- [Westminster Confession of Faith, Chapter 1 Series: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/01/westminster-confession-of-faith-chapter-1-series-an-introduction/) - The Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF) remains one of the most significant doctrinal statements in the Reformed tradition, offering a comprehensive expression of core theological convictions. In particular, Chapter 1 of the Confession—Of the Holy Scripture—addresses foundational beliefs regarding the nature, authority, sufficiency, and preservation of Scripture. This doctrine is integral to understanding Reformed theology,
- [Critique of James White’s The King James Only Controversy: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/06/critique-of-james-whites-the-king-james-only-controversy-an-introduction/) - The King James Version (KJV) of the Bible has played a monumental role in the history of Christianity, particularly within the English-speaking world. Revered by many for its literary elegance, historical impact, and doctrinal authority, it has become a theological and cultural icon. However, the question of its exclusivity as the only faithful or
- [Book Review Series: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/06/book-review-series-an-introduction/) - In the field of Confessional Bibliology, discerning readers often seek to deepen their understanding of scriptural preservation, Reformed theology, and the theological soundness of various texts that address these subjects. The purpose of this Book Review Series is to provide thorough, scholarly reviews of key texts that engage with issues central to Confessional Bibliology,
- [Book Review: The King James Only Controversy by James R. White](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/13/book-review-the-king-james-only-controversy-by-james-r-white/) - 1. Introduction: Title: The King James Only Controversy: Can You Trust Modern Translations? Author: James R. White Topic: An alleged critique of the King James Only (KJVO) movement, aimed at questioning the validity of limiting one’s scriptural authority to the King James Version (KJV). White's book seeks to contrast the KJVO position with the use
- [Presuppositional Analysis of The King James Only Controversy by James R. White](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/13/presuppositional-analysis-of-the-king-james-only-controversy-by-james-r-white/) - Presuppositional Analysis of The King James Only Controversy by James R. White Purpose and Scope of Analysis: This presuppositional analysis critically evaluates The King James Only Controversy by James R. White, focusing on the author’s underlying beliefs, theological commitments, and methodological approaches. This analysis is aligned with the principles of Confessional Bibliology, which upholds the
- [ The Meaning and Significance of Sola Scriptura](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/14/the-meaning-and-significance-of-sola-scriptura/) - Why This Principle Was Foundational to Reformed Theology When discussing the foundational principles of the Protestant Reformation, sola scriptura (Latin for “Scripture alone”) stands as a key doctrine. It formed the bedrock of Lutheran theology, guiding the church’s approach to authority, faith, and the practice of Christianity. This principle, championed by Martin Luther and
- [Verbal and Plenary Inspiration Explained](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/21/verbal-and-plenary-inspiration-explained/) - How Reformed Theologians Understood Inspiration The 17th century was a defining era for Lutheran Orthodoxy, a period marked by rigorous theological discourse and defense of key doctrines inherited from the Reformation. Among these, the doctrine of inspiration was of paramount importance to Lutheran theologians, or dogmaticians, who labored to articulate and defend the authority of
- [ The Role of Reason in Reformed Theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/28/the-role-of-reason-in-reformed-theology/) - Examining the Relationship Between Scripture and Human Reason The Lutheran tradition, born out of the Reformation, took a definitive stance on the place of Scripture and reason in theology. As Martin Luther and subsequent Lutheran theologians grappled with questions of biblical authority, they were also forced to consider the role of human reason in
- [Providential Preservation Series: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/02/providential-preservation-series-an-introduction/) - The doctrine of providential preservation is one of the cornerstone beliefs in Reformed theology regarding the nature and authority of Scripture. While the concept of inspiration emphasizes that the Bible is divinely “breathed out” by God, preservation addresses the equally vital question of whether we can trust that same divinely inspired Word has been safeguarded
- [Canon Formation and Scriptural Authority Series: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2025/01/03/canon-formation-and-scriptural-authority-series-an-introduction/) - The concept of the biblical canon and the authority of Scripture stands at the heart of Reformed theology, as it forms the foundation for our understanding of divine revelation. How did the church come to recognize certain books as authoritative and inspired? What role did historical circumstances and theological convictions play in forming the
- [The Noetic Effects of Sin: A Foundational Doctrine for Confessional Bibliology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/05/the-noetic-effects-of-sin-a-foundational-doctrine-for-confessional-bibliology/) - The doctrine of the noetic effects of sin holds profound theological and epistemological significance, revealing the pervasive impact of human sinfulness on reasoning, understanding, and intellectual faculties. At its core, this doctrine asserts that the Fall not only corrupted the moral and spiritual dimensions of humanity but also fundamentally distorted human cognition, rendering autonomous human
- [Historical Controversies Over the Canon of Scripture and Their Implications for Sola Scriptura Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/13/historical-controversies-over-the-canon-of-scripture-and-their-implications-for-sola-scriptura-part-4/) - Section 3: The Church’s Role in Defending Sola Scriptura The church has a vital responsibility to defend and proclaim the authority of Scripture in the face of modern challenges. This responsibility includes equipping believers to understand and apply sola scriptura, addressing contemporary objections, and maintaining fidelity to Scripture in doctrine, worship, and practice. In this
- [Textual vs. Conceptual Preservation: The Battle for Biblical Authority and Integrity Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/06/textual-vs-conceptual-preservation-the-battle-for-biblical-authority-and-integrity-part-4/) - This series is a response to Lane Keister's response to my previous series about his heresy. You can read his response here. It's a doozy. In 532 words he promotes 12 distinct heresies and demonstrates he doesn't understand the basic principles of hermeneutics. Dependence on Human Authority The doctrine of textual preservation has historically emphasized
- [Modern Textual Criticism as Heresy: A Root Corruption of Autonomous Reason Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/14/modern-textual-criticism-as-heresy-a-root-corruption-of-autonomous-reason-part-4/) - Conclusion – Rebuilding Confidence in God’s Preserved Word The challenges posed by modern textual criticism to the authority, sufficiency, and reliability of Scripture are profound and far-reaching. Throughout this series, we have demonstrated that modern textual criticism, rooted in Enlightenment rationalism and naturalistic assumptions, is fundamentally incompatible with the biblical doctrine of providential preservation. Its
- [Modern Textual Criticism as Heresy: A Root Corruption of Autonomous Reason Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/14/modern-textual-criticism-as-heresy-a-root-corruption-of-autonomous-reason-part-3/) - Reductio ad Absurdum – The Logical Collapse of Modern Textual Criticism Modern textual criticism, built on the unstable foundations of Enlightenment rationalism and naturalistic presuppositions, leads to absurd conclusions when subjected to careful logical analysis. The method assumes that Scripture has been corrupted over centuries and requires reconstruction by human scholars to recover its "original"
- [Modern Textual Criticism as Heresy: A Root Corruption of Autonomous Reason Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/13/modern-textual-criticism-as-heresy-a-root-corruption-of-autonomous-reason-part-2/) - The Logical Implications of Modern Textual Criticism Modern textual criticism is not merely an academic exercise; it carries profound theological and logical implications. By rejecting the providential preservation of Scripture and replacing it with human reason as the ultimate authority, modern textual criticism undermines the integrity and authority of the Bible. This rejection leads to
- [Modern Textual Criticism as Heresy: A Root Corruption of Autonomous Reason Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/13/modern-textual-criticism-as-heresy-a-root-corruption-of-autonomous-reason-part-1/) - The Epistemic Foundation of Modern Textual Criticism Modern textual criticism of the New Testament begins from a fundamentally flawed epistemic foundation that undermines its claims to reliability and truth. By rejecting Scripture as its epistemic authority and replacing it with the autonomous reasoning of man, modern textual criticism sets itself at odds with the theological,
- [Historical Controversies Over the Canon of Scripture and Their Implications for Sola Scriptura Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/12/historical-controversies-over-the-canon-of-scripture-and-their-implications-for-sola-scriptura-part-3/) - Modern Challenges to Scriptural Authority and the Enduring Relevance of Sola Scriptura Section 1: A Detailed Critique of Modern Challenges The authority of Scripture faces relentless challenges in the modern era, from theological revisions to philosophical skepticism and cultural relativism. These challenges, often arising from Enlightenment rationalism, higher criticism, postmodern thought, and contemporary progressive theology,
- [Historical Controversies Over the Canon of Scripture and Their Implications for Sola Scriptura Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/12/historical-controversies-over-the-canon-of-scripture-and-their-implications-for-sola-scriptura-part-2/) - Section 3: Historical Controversies Over the Canon The recognition of the biblical canon has not been without challenges. Throughout history, the church has faced significant controversies regarding the inclusion, exclusion, and authority of certain books. These debates highlight the importance of sola scriptura and the implications of the canon for the church’s faith and practice.
- [Historical Controversies Over the Canon of Scripture and Their Implications for Sola Scriptura Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/11/historical-controversies-over-the-canon-of-scripture-and-their-implications-for-sola-scriptura-part-1/) - Introduction The authority of Scripture is a doctrine that has been challenged and debated throughout the history of the church. Part 1 of this series established the foundational principles of sola scriptura, emphasizing that Scripture alone is the ultimate authority in all matters of faith and practice. Building on this foundation, Part 2 will delve
- [The Authority of Scripture and Reformed Theology, Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/11/the-authority-of-scripture-and-reformed-theology-part-3/) - 5. Challenges to Scriptural Authority The authority of Scripture has faced significant challenges throughout church history, from the time of the Reformation to the present day. These challenges have arisen from both external and internal sources, including Roman Catholic critiques, Enlightenment rationalism, and modern theological developments. Understanding and addressing these challenges is essential for defending
- [The Authority of Scripture and Reformed Theology, Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/10/the-authority-of-scripture-and-reformed-theology-part-2/) - 3. Sola Scriptura: The Cornerstone of Reformed Theology The principle of sola scriptura—that Scripture alone is the ultimate authority in matters of faith and practice—was central to the Reformation and remains the cornerstone of Reformed theology. This section will explore the historical, theological, and practical dimensions of sola scriptura, showing its significance in the Reformation
- [The Authority of Scripture and Reformed Theology, Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/10/the-authority-of-scripture-and-reformed-theology-part-1/) - 1. Introduction The authority of Scripture lies at the heart of Reformed theology. It is the foundational doctrine upon which all other theological principles rest. Without an authoritative Scripture, there can be no definitive basis for faith, practice, or the theological system that emerged from the Reformation. In this opening section, we will examine the
- [Ruckmanism vs. Reformed Theology: Analyzing the Authority and Inspiration of the King James Version Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/07/ruckmanism-vs-reformed-theology-analyzing-the-authority-and-inspiration-of-the-king-james-version-part-3/) - V. Why Ruckman’s View Is Not Biblical Peter Ruckman’s King James Onlyism departs fundamentally from the biblical teaching on inspiration, preservation, and the role of translations. This section demonstrates why his claims are inconsistent with Scripture, highlighting three primary issues: the failure to align with scriptural evidence, the elevation of tradition over textual reality, and
- [Textual vs. Conceptual Preservation: The Battle for Biblical Authority and Integrity Part 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/09/textual-vs-conceptual-preservation-the-battle-for-biblical-authority-and-integrity-part-8/) - This series is a response to Lane Keister's response to my previous series about his heresy. You can read his response here. It's a doozy. In 532 words he promotes 12 distinct heresies and demonstrates he doesn't understand the basic principles of hermeneutics. ADDENDUM Lane Keister as a Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing and the Call
- [Ruckmanism vs. Reformed Theology: Analyzing the Authority and Inspiration of the King James Version Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/06/ruckmanism-vs-reformed-theology-analyzing-the-authority-and-inspiration-of-the-king-james-version-part-2/) - III. The Reformed View of Biblical Inspiration and Authority The Reformed tradition offers a biblically grounded and historically consistent view of the inspiration and authority of Scripture. Rooted in confessional standards such as the Westminster Confession of Faith (1647) and the Second London Baptist Confession of Faith (1689), the Reformed understanding emphasizes the primacy of
- [Textual vs. Conceptual Preservation: The Battle for Biblical Authority and Integrity Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/03/textual-vs-conceptual-preservation-the-battle-for-biblical-authority-and-integrity-part-1/) - This series is a response to Lane Keister's response to my previous series about his heresy. You can read his response here. It's a doozy. In 532 words he promotes 12 distinct heresies and demonstrates he doesn't understand the basic principles of hermeneutics. Introduction to the Debate The doctrine of biblical preservation is central to
- [Textual vs. Conceptual Preservation: The Battle for Biblical Authority and Integrity Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/06/textual-vs-conceptual-preservation-the-battle-for-biblical-authority-and-integrity-part-5/) - This series is a response to Lane Keister's response to my previous series about his heresy. You can read his response here. It's a doozy. In 532 words he promotes 12 distinct heresies and demonstrates he doesn't understand the basic principles of hermeneutics. The Westminster Confession and Historical Context The Westminster Confession of Faith (WCF)
- [Textual vs. Conceptual Preservation: The Battle for Biblical Authority and Integrity Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/04/textual-vs-conceptual-preservation-the-battle-for-biblical-authority-and-integrity-part-2/) - This series is a response to Lane Keister's response to my previous series about his heresy. You can read his response here. It's a doozy. In 532 words he promotes 12 distinct heresies and demonstrates he doesn't understand the basic principles of hermeneutics. Theological Relativism and Doctrinal Pluralism The authority and clarity of Scripture serve
- [Textual vs. Conceptual Preservation: The Battle for Biblical Authority and Integrity Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/05/textual-vs-conceptual-preservation-the-battle-for-biblical-authority-and-integrity-part-3/) - This series is a response to Lane Keister's response to my previous series about his heresy. You can read his response here. It's a doozy. In 532 words he promotes 12 distinct heresies and demonstrates he doesn't understand the basic principles of hermeneutics. Sanctification Through the Word Sanctification, the process by which believers are conformed
- [Conceptual Preservation vs. Verbal Preservation: A Theological and Exegetical Analysis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/02/conceptual-preservation-vs-verbal-preservation-a-theological-and-exegetical-analysis/) - Introduction The doctrine of textual preservation has long been a cornerstone of confessional theology, particularly among those who uphold the Reformed view of Scripture. Matthew 5:18, a key verse in this doctrine, declares, “For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from
- [The Sovereignty of the Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/03/the-sovereignty-of-the-text/) - The War for the Heart of Christendom The battle over the text of Scripture is not a peripheral issue nor a mere academic debate confined to seminaries or the realm of textual scholarship. It is a battle that strikes at the very heart of Christendom, a conflict over the authority, trustworthiness, and sovereignty of God’s
- [Corrupt Trees, Corrupt Fruit: The Scriptural Case Against the Critical Text Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/04/corrupt-trees-corrupt-fruit-the-scriptural-case-against-the-critical-text-part-3/) - V. Logical Implications of Critical Text Advocacy The advocacy of the critical text over the authentic Greek and Hebrew texts does not exist in an intellectual or theological vacuum. It carries significant logical implications, all of which undermine the integrity of Scripture, erode trust in God, and compromise the Church’s doctrinal stability. This section will
- [Corrupt Trees, Corrupt Fruit: The Scriptural Case Against the Critical Text Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/04/corrupt-trees-corrupt-fruit-the-scriptural-case-against-the-critical-text-part-2/) - III. The Holy Ghost Bears Witness to the Authentic Texts 1. The Doctrine of Providential Preservation The doctrine of providential preservation asserts that God has preserved His Word throughout history in a manner consistent with His character and promises. This doctrine is not a peripheral issue but a central tenet of the Christian faith, as
- [Corrupt Trees, Corrupt Fruit: The Scriptural Case Against the Critical Text Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/03/corrupt-trees-corrupt-fruit-the-scriptural-case-against-the-critical-text-part-1/) - I. Introduction Purpose and Thesis Statement The doctrine of the preservation of Scripture is foundational to the Christian faith, as it directly pertains to the reliability of the Word of God and the authority it holds over the Church. However, the rise of modern textual criticism, embodied in the adoption of critical texts such as
- [The Arianism of Mark Ward Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/30/the-arianism-of-mark-ward-part-5/) - Conclusion The translation choices made in modern versions of the Bible, particularly those based on the critical text, carry profound theological implications that go far beyond linguistic nuance. As we have explored in this article, the shift from traditional renderings to modern alternatives in passages like Proverbs 8:22, Micah 5:2, John 1:18, and 1 Timothy
- [Reformed Ruckmanism Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/29/reformed-ruckmanism-part-1/) - A Critique of the Septuagint as Corrective to the Hebrew Text Introduction The association of Dr. Peter Ruckman with “double inspiration” serves as a potent comparison for examining the trend in certain Reformed circles that elevates the Septuagint (LXX) to an authoritative position over the Masoretic Hebrew text. Just as Ruckman advocated that the KJV
- [Gird Up Your Loins: A Call to Confront False Doctrine in the Modern Church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/26/gird-up-your-loins-a-call-to-confront-false-doctrine-in-the-modern-church/) - The Leaven of Compromise: A challenge to the faithlessness in church leadership to contend for the authority of God's Word. Introduction: A Necessary Letter Initially, I had considered simply posting the video of the Ludacris song Move Out da Way to address the urgent issues before us. Its message seemed fitting for the current situation:
- [Lane Keister, Deceived by Satan Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/25/lane-keister-deceived-by-satan-part-1/) - The Fatal Consequences of Denying God’s Providential Preservation Introduction This series of posts is a direct response to the claims made by Lane Keister in his Chapter-by-Chapter Review of Why I Preach from the Received Text. In his review, Keister presents a position that undermines the doctrine of providential preservation and severely restricts the scope
- [Reformed Ruckmanism Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/02/reformed-ruckmanism-part-4/) - Errors in Patriarchal Ages in the Septuagint and the Methuselah Anomaly One of the most glaring errors in the Septuagint involves its modifications to the ages of the patriarchs in Genesis, particularly in the genealogy from Adam to Noah. While the Hebrew Masoretic Text provides a consistent account of these ages, the Septuagint inflates the
- [Reformed Ruckmanism Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/30/reformed-ruckmanism-part-2/) - Historical Inaccuracy of the Septuagint The Septuagint’s historical origins are often traced to a legend known as the Letter of Aristeas, which claims that 72 Jewish scholars translated the Hebrew Scriptures into Greek for the Egyptian king Ptolemy II Philadelphus in the third century BCE. This letter describes an elaborate process, asserting that each of
- [Reformed Ruckmanism Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/12/02/reformed-ruckmanism-part-3/) - Doctrinal Deviations and Translational Errors in the Septuagint An in-depth examination of the Septuagint reveals significant deviations from the Hebrew Masoretic Text, encompassing outright errors and, in some cases, doctrinal alterations reflecting the translators' interpretive biases rather than a faithful rendering of the original Hebrew. These deviations not only question the accuracy of the Septuagint
- [Introduction to Confessional Bibliology: Part Four](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/03/introduction-to-confessional-bibliology-part-four/) - Article 4: Introduction to Confessional Bibliology: Part Four The Practical Implications of Confessional Bibliology for the Church Section One: Confidence in the Scriptures Confessional Bibliology provides a much-needed antidote to the uncertainty and skepticism introduced by Modern Textual Criticism. At its heart, Confessional Bibliology restores the church’s confidence in the Bible as the inspired and
- [Doctrine of Providential Preservation: Part One](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/04/doctrine-of-providential-preservation-part-one/) - Understanding the Foundation of Providential Preservation Introduction: The Vital Role of Providential Preservation Providential preservation is a cornerstone doctrine that undergirds the church's confidence in the Bible as the inspired and authoritative Word of God. While much attention is often given to the doctrine of inspiration, preservation is its indispensable counterpart. Without preservation, inspiration would
- [Doctrine of Providential Preservation: Part Two](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/05/doctrine-of-providential-preservation-part-two/) - The Historical Testimony of Providential Preservation Introduction: The Church’s Witness to Preservation The doctrine of providential preservation is not merely a theological concept but a truth affirmed throughout the history of the church. From the earliest days of Christianity, believers have recognized and relied upon the preserved Scriptures as the foundation of their faith and
- [Doctrine of Providential Preservation: Part Three](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/07/doctrine-of-providential-preservation-part-three/) - Modern Textual Criticism and the Challenge to Preservation Introduction: Confronting the Modern Challenge The doctrine of providential preservation assures believers that the Word of God has been safeguarded through His divine care, ensuring its integrity and accessibility across generations. Yet, in recent centuries, this confidence has been challenged by the emergence of Modern Textual Criticism.
- [Doctrine of Providential Preservation: Part 4a](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/08/doctrine-of-providential-preservation-part-4a/) - The Practical and Pastoral Implications of Providential Preservation Introduction: Why Preservation Matters for the Church Today The doctrine of providential preservation is not a mere theological abstraction; it is a foundational truth with profound implications for the life and mission of the church. The conviction that God has preserved His Word ensures that the Bible
- [Doctrine of Providential Preservation: Part 4b](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/09/doctrine-of-providential-preservation-part-4b/) - Section Four: Providential Preservation in Personal Faith The doctrine of providential preservation is not just a theological construct or an academic debate; it profoundly impacts the daily lives of individual believers. Confidence in the preservation of God’s Word fosters trust, inspires reverence, and equips Christians to navigate challenges to their faith. By affirming that the
- [The Truth Behind Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/19/the-truth-behind-tischendorf-and-the-codex-sinaiticus-part-1/) - A Justification of Theft Introduction The discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus, one of the oldest and most complete manuscripts of the Bible, is often heralded as a monumental achievement in biblical scholarship. Central to this narrative is Constantin von Tischendorf, a 19th-century German scholar who claimed to have "rescued" this invaluable document from near destruction
- [The Truth Behind Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/21/the-truth-behind-tischendorf-and-the-codex-sinaiticus-part-2/) - Section 3: Motive Behind Tischendorf’s Fabrication The story of Tischendorf’s discovery of the Codex Sinaiticus is as much a tale of personal ambition as it is of scholarly achievement. Examining the motives behind Tischendorf’s account reveals a complex interplay of self-promotion, the pursuit of recognition, and the cultural dynamics of 19th-century Europe. By fabricating or
- [The Truth Behind Tischendorf and the Codex Sinaiticus Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/22/the-truth-behind-tischendorf-and-the-codex-sinaiticus-part-3/) - Section 5: The Legacy of Tischendorf’s Narrative Constantin von Tischendorf’s dramatic account of discovering the Codex Sinaiticus has left a lasting legacy in the realms of biblical scholarship and cultural preservation. However, this legacy is not without its complications. The narrative he constructed—of an enlightened Western scholar rescuing a priceless manuscript from destruction at the
- [The Arianism of Mark Ward Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/29/the-arianism-of-mark-ward-part-4/) - Section 6: The Logical Consequence – Arianism in Modern Translations Throughout this article, we have examined how specific translation choices in modern versions, which depart from the traditional Textus Receptus and Masoretic Text, introduce theological ambiguities that can inadvertently align with Arian doctrines. Arianism, which denies the co-eternity and full deity of Christ, historically used
- [The Arianism of Mark Ward Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/28/the-arianism-of-mark-ward-part-3/) - Section 4: John 1:18 – The Son vs. “God” John 1:18 is a crucial verse in the New Testament that directly addresses the identity of Christ. It traditionally reads, “the only begotten Son,” emphasizing the unique and eternal Sonship of Christ. However, in many modern translations, this phrase is altered to “the only begotten God”
- [The Arianism of Mark Ward Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/26/the-arianism-of-mark-ward-part-1/) - Introduction In recent years, modern English Bible translations have increasingly favored critical Greek and Hebrew texts over the traditional Textus Receptus and Masoretic texts. Advocates of these modern translations, including prominent figures like Mark Ward, argue that this shift provides a more accurate reflection of the original Scriptures. However, underlying this transition are significant theological
- [The Arianism of Mark Ward Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/27/the-arianism-of-mark-ward-part-2/) - Section 2: Examining Proverbs 8:22 – The “Created Wisdom” Controversy One of the most controversial passages used by Arian theologians to argue for a created Christ is Proverbs 8:22, where Wisdom is often interpreted as a foreshadowing or personification of Christ. This verse, however, has seen significant variation in translation between the traditional Masoretic Text
- [Lane Keister, Deceived by Satan Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/28/lane-keister-deceived-by-satan-part-4/) - Section 7: Conclusion 7.1 Reaffirming the Scope of Matthew 5:18 Matthew 5:18 is a comprehensive declaration of the divine preservation of Scripture: “For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.” This promise underscores that God’s
- [Lane Keister, Deceived by Satan Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/27/lane-keister-deceived-by-satan-part-3/) - Section 5: The Theological Necessity of Extending Jot and Tittle to the Greek New Testament 5.1 The Continuity of Preservation in the New Testament Matthew 5:18 declares: “For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.”
- [Lane Keister, Deceived by Satan Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/26/lane-keister-deceived-by-satan-part-2/) - Section 3: Refutation of Lane Keister's Review 3.1 Inconsistency with the Doctrine of Preservation The preservation of Scripture is a cornerstone of biblical theology, yet Lane Keister’s Review presents a flawed and inconsistent view by failing to extend this doctrine to the Greek New Testament. While acknowledging the meticulous care God demonstrates in preserving the
- [The Bible as a Legal Document Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/25/the-bible-as-a-legal-document-part-3/) - 6. The Binding Nature of the Bible and Textual Preservation If the Bible is a legal document, as Scripture affirms, its preservation is essential for maintaining its authority and efficacy. A covenant or testament cannot remain binding if its terms are corrupted or altered. For this reason, the Bible not only declares itself unchangeable but
- [The Bible as a Legal Document Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/23/the-bible-as-a-legal-document-part-2/) - 4. The Necessity of Copies for Both Parties A key characteristic of legal documents, particularly covenants and testaments, is the necessity of providing copies to all parties involved. This ensures that both parties have access to the terms, obligations, and promises outlined in the agreement. In the context of the Bible as God’s legal document,
- [The Bible as a Legal Document Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/23/the-bible-as-a-legal-document-part-1/) - 1. Introduction Legal documents play a vital role in formalizing agreements between parties, providing a clear and binding record of obligations, promises, and conditions. Their authority rests on their immutability once ratified—alterations compromise their validity and enforcement. This concept resonates deeply within the biblical narrative, particularly with the term Testament. Derived from the Greek word
- [The Enlightenment and the Crisis of Biblical Authority Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/21/the-enlightenment-and-the-crisis-of-biblical-authority-part-1/) - A Critical Analysis of Richard Simon’s Textual Criticism 1. Introduction and Background The Historical Context of Richard Simon and Enlightenment Thought Richard Simon (1638–1712) occupies a pivotal position in the history of biblical textual criticism. As a French Catholic priest and Oratorian, Simon became one of the earliest figures to apply critical historical methods to
- [The Enlightenment and the Crisis of Biblical Authority Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/22/the-enlightenment-and-the-crisis-of-biblical-authority-part-4/) - 6. Comparative Analysis: Richard Simon’s Methods versus Traditional Confessional Views Introduction to Comparative Analysis Having examined Richard Simon’s approach to textual criticism using the four-part framework of Arbitrariness, Inconsistency, Consequences, and Preconditions, we now turn to a comparative analysis. This section will contrast Simon’s Enlightenment-influenced methodology with the traditional confessional views of biblical preservation. By
- [The Enlightenment and the Crisis of Biblical Authority Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/22/the-enlightenment-and-the-crisis-of-biblical-authority-part-3/) - 4. The Four-Part Analysis: Consequences in Richard Simon’s Textual Criticism Introduction to Consequences The Enlightenment influence on Richard Simon’s textual criticism introduced not just a new methodology but also significant and far-reaching consequences for the perception of biblical authority and reliability. By applying rationalistic critiques to the New Testament, Simon opened the door to broader
- [The Enlightenment and the Crisis of Biblical Authority Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/21/the-enlightenment-and-the-crisis-of-biblical-authority-part-2/) - 2. The Four-Part Analysis: Arbitrariness in Richard Simon’s Textual Criticism Introduction to Arbitrariness Richard Simon’s Critical History of the Text of the New Testament exemplifies a methodology marked by arbitrary assumptions and speculative interpretations. Simon’s work is rooted in Enlightenment rationalism, which emphasizes human reason and historical inquiry at the expense of traditional theological presuppositions.
- [The Origins and Evolution of Inerrancy: From Astronomy to Warfield and Beyond Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/20/the-origins-and-evolution-of-inerrancy-from-astronomy-to-warfield-and-beyond-part-3/) - VI. Critiques and Counterarguments The doctrine of inerrancy, particularly as articulated by B.B. Warfield and later codified in the Chicago Statement, has faced significant critique from scholars who argue that it represents a departure from the Reformed tradition and introduces unnecessary theological tensions. This section examines key critiques from a Reformed perspective, focusing on the
- [The Origins and Evolution of Inerrancy: From Astronomy to Warfield and Beyond Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/19/the-origins-and-evolution-of-inerrancy-from-astronomy-to-warfield-and-beyond-part-2/) - IV. The Inconsistencies of the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy (1978) is widely regarded as a definitive articulation of the doctrine of inerrancy within modern Evangelicalism. While it sought to defend the authority and reliability of Scripture, the statement reflects significant theological and logical inconsistencies that stem from its
- [The Origins and Evolution of Inerrancy: From Astronomy to Warfield and Beyond Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/19/the-origins-and-evolution-of-inerrancy-from-astronomy-to-warfield-and-beyond-part-1/) - I. Introduction: The Doctrine of Inerrancy – Origins and Implications The doctrine of biblical inerrancy, as commonly understood today, is a defining feature of modern Evangelical theology. It asserts that the Bible, in its original autographs, is entirely without error in all it affirms, whether theological, moral, or historical. While this doctrine has become a
- [Introduction to Confessional Bibliology: Part Three](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/02/introduction-to-confessional-bibliology-part-three/) - Modern Textual Criticism and the Challenge to Providence Section One: The Rise of Modern Textual Criticism The development of Modern Textual Criticism marks a significant shift in how scholars approach the biblical text. Emerging from the intellectual milieu of the Enlightenment, this methodology reflects a departure from the theological commitments of the historic church and
- [Introduction to Confessional Bibliology: Part Two](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/01/introduction-to-confessional-bibliology-part-two/) - Introduction: The Historical Roots of Confessional Bibliology Confessional Bibliology is not a new or novel concept but a doctrinal framework rooted in the historic practices and beliefs of the Christian church. It stands on the foundation of God’s promises to preserve His Word and the church’s stewardship of that Word throughout history. This doctrine, while
- [Introduction to Confessional Bibliology: Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/01/introduction-to-confessional-bibliology-part-1/) - Introduction: The Centrality of Scripture in the Reformed Tradition For the Reformed church, Scripture is the foundation of faith and life. The doctrine of sola Scriptura—Scripture alone—is not merely a theological slogan but the bedrock principle that governs how believers understand God’s revelation, salvation, and will for His people. To affirm sola Scriptura, however, one
- [The Practical Relevance of Reformed Textual Criticism Today](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/20/the-practical-relevance-of-reformed-textual-criticism-today/) - Introduction: From Theory to Practice Textual criticism is often regarded as an academic discipline, confined to seminaries, libraries, or scholarly journals. Yet, for the Reformed Christian, textual criticism is not an abstract exercise. It is a profoundly practical discipline that touches the very heart of the Christian life, as it directly concerns the preservation, accessibility,
- [Modern Challenges to Reformed Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/19/modern-challenges-to-reformed-textual-criticism/) - Introduction: The Assault on Providential Preservation The advent of Modern Textual Criticism in the 18th and 19th centuries introduced profound challenges to the Reformed understanding of textual preservation. Rooted in Enlightenment principles of skepticism, naturalism, and rationalism, Modern Textual Criticism seeks to reconstruct a hypothetical “original text” of Scripture through an eclectic examination of manuscript
- [The History of Reformed Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/18/the-history-of-reformed-textual-criticism/) - Introduction: Why History Matters in Textual Criticism Textual criticism is not a practice that emerged in a historical vacuum. It is deeply embedded in the theological, ecclesiastical, and intellectual contexts of its time. Understanding the history of Reformed Textual Criticism is vital for grasping both its theological foundations and its enduring relevance. The Reformed approach
- [The Foundations of Reformed Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/18/the-foundations-of-reformed-textual-criticism/) - Introduction: The Essential Question of God’s Word and Its Preservation Few questions are as critical to the Christian faith as this: “What is the Word of God, and how has it been preserved for His church?” For those in the Reformed tradition, this question is foundational to our understanding of the Scriptures as our ultimate
- [A Refutation of Jan Krans’ Critique of the Textus Receptus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/16/a-refutation-of-jan-krans-critique-of-the-textus-receptus/) - Upholding the Confessional and Doctrinal Role of Providential Preservation Jan Krans’ article "Why the Textus Receptus Cannot Be Accepted" presents several critiques of the Textus Receptus (TR), aiming to discredit its standing as a reliable witness to the New Testament text. However, Krans’ critiques rest on assumptions that overlook the Reformed doctrines of providential preservation
- [Debate Over the Preservation and Authority of Scripture. Part 5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/04/debate-over-the-preservation-and-authority-of-scripture-part-5/) - 8. Conclusion: Reaffirming Owen’s Legacy and the Doctrine of Preservation John Owen’s writings on the authority, inspiration, and preservation of Scripture provide a robust theological framework that stands in sharp contrast to Enlightenment-influenced approaches to textual criticism. Owen’s doctrine, grounded in a confessional understanding of divine providence and the self-authenticating nature of Scripture, offers a
- [Debate Over the Preservation and Authority of Scripture. Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/04/debate-over-the-preservation-and-authority-of-scripture-part-4/) - 6. Brash’s Reinterpretation in Light of Enlightenment Assumptions In his work, Richard Fraser Brash attempts to reframe John Owen’s views on Scriptural preservation within the broader context of Enlightenment-era developments in textual criticism. Brash argues that Owen’s commitment to the doctrine of providential preservation was influenced and refined in response to the increasing awareness of
- [Debate Over the Preservation and Authority of Scripture. Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/02/debate-over-the-preservation-and-authority-of-scripture-part-3/) - 4. Owen’s Response to Walton’s Emphasis on Variants One of the most significant challenges to John Owen’s doctrine of Scriptural preservation came from Brian Walton’s Biblia Polyglotta. Walton’s work, published in the mid-seventeenth century, included extensive textual notes and comparisons of various manuscript traditions. The Biblia Polyglotta introduced a critical apparatus that aimed to collate
- [Debate Over the Preservation and Authority of Scripture. Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/01/debate-over-the-preservation-and-authority-of-scripture-part-2/) - 2. Providential Preservation vs. Human Reconstruction John Owen’s doctrine of providential preservation stands in stark contrast to Enlightenment methodologies that rely on human efforts to reconstruct an "original" text. For Owen, the integrity and authority of Scripture were not contingent upon the abilities of scholars to resolve textual discrepancies, but on God’s providential care over
- [Debate Over the Preservation and Authority of Scripture. Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/30/debate-over-the-preservation-and-authority-of-scripture-part-1/) - Introduction and Overview The Debate Over the Preservation and Authority of Scripture: John Owen, Enlightenment Critiques, and Modern Reinterpretations In the ongoing conversation about the preservation and authority of Scripture, few figures are as pivotal as the seventeenth-century theologian John Owen. Renowned as a leading voice of Reformed orthodoxy, Owen’s writings addressed key issues regarding
- [The Place of the King James Bible in Today’s Church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/08/the-place-of-the-king-james-bible-in-todays-church/) - The Place of the King James Bible in Today’s Church: A Case for Retention and Study References: TBS Word List Mark Ward's article where William Sandell Refutes his thesis in the comments: https://byfaithweunderstand.com/ The King James Bible (KJV), first published in 1611, remains a pivotal translation in the history of the English Bible. However,
- [The Impact of Enlightenment Thought on Modern Textual Criticism: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/15/the-impact-of-enlightenment-thought-on-modern-textual-criticism-an-introduction/) - The Enlightenment, a cultural and intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries, brought about significant changes in Western thought, influencing disciplines from science and philosophy to theology and biblical studies. Textual criticism, which had historically approached Scripture as divinely preserved, was profoundly affected by the shift toward Enlightenment ideals. Enlightenment rationalism introduced a
- [The Self-Authenticating Nature of Scripture and Its Implications for Confessional Bibliology: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/15/the-self-authenticating-nature-of-scripture-and-its-implications-for-confessional-bibliology-an-introduction/) - The doctrine of Scripture’s self-authenticating nature lies at the heart of Confessional Bibliology, emphasizing the Bible’s intrinsic authority and truthfulness apart from external validation. This article serves as an introduction to a series on the self-authenticating nature of Scripture, exploring why this doctrine is foundational in Confessional Bibliology, how it establishes Scripture as the
- [Scriptural Integrity and the Reformation’s Response to Textual Corruption: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/15/scriptural-integrity-and-the-reformations-response-to-textual-corruption-an-introduction/) - The Reformation period was not only a time of theological reformation but also one of intense focus on the authenticity and integrity of the biblical text. For the Reformers, maintaining the purity of Scripture was paramount, as they believed it to be the divinely inspired Word of God. This belief led them to resist any
- [The Impossibility of Apologetics with the Critical Text: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/14/the-impossibility-of-apologetics-with-the-critical-text-an-introduction/) - In the discipline of Christian apologetics, the authority and stability of Scripture are paramount. Apologetics requires a foundation that is both theologically sound and unchanging—one that communicates truth without ambiguity or alteration. The purpose of this article is to introduce the complexities of using the critical text as the basis for apologetic arguments and
- [Translator Profiles of the Authorized Version: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/14/translator-profiles-of-the-authorized-version-an-introduction/) - The Authorized Version of the Bible, commonly known as the King James Version (KJV), has stood as one of the most enduring translations of Scripture. Behind this monumental work were nearly 50 scholars who devoted their skills and reverence for God’s Word to produce a translation of exceptional literary and theological merit. This introductory
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Series: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/14/doctrine-of-inspiration-series-an-introduction/) - The doctrine of inspiration lies at the foundation of Christian belief, affirming that the Scriptures are God’s direct revelation to humanity. In understanding what it means for the Bible to be inspired, we delve into the nature of God’s communication with His people, His authority over His Word, and the reliability of Scripture for
- [Presuppositional Analysis of Books: An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/13/presuppositional-analysis-of-books-an-introduction/) - In the realm of textual criticism and biblical theology, presuppositions—assumptions that authors bring to their work—play a crucial role in shaping interpretations, conclusions, and even methodologies. This article introduces our Presuppositional Analysis of Books series, designed to assess the foundational assumptions underlying influential books in textual criticism and biblical studies. By examining these presuppositions through
- [The Confessional Bibliology Project](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/11/the-confessional-bibliology-project/) - A Return to the Doctrines of Providential Preservation and Scriptural Authority In the evolving landscape of modern textual criticism and theologically diverging perspectives on Scripture, a movement has emerged within the Reformed tradition that calls for a deliberate return to historical doctrines surrounding the preservation, authority, and inerrancy of the Bible. This movement, known as
- [The Erosion of Authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/02/the-erosion-of-authority/) - How Enlightenment Textual Criticism Undermined the Word and Weakened the Western Church Introduction In the centuries following the Reformation, the Word of God held a place of supreme authority in the life of the church. Martin Luther and the Reformers understood that the Scriptures, as divinely inspired and providentially preserved, carried a power that operated
- [The Importance of the Word of God Concept](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/01/the-importance-of-the-word-of-god-concept/) - Understanding the Vox Dei in Lutheran Orthodoxy The concept of the Word of God occupies a central place in Christian theology, particularly within the Lutheran tradition. For Lutherans, the Word of God—or vox Dei (Latin for “voice of God”)—is not merely a collection of texts or doctrines but the active, authoritative voice through which God
- [Psalm 12:6-7 and Providential Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/31/psalm-126-7-and-providential-preservation/) - An Analysis of the Foundation for Textual Preservation in Scripture Introduction Psalm 12:6-7 has become central in discussions on the doctrine of providential preservation, see Mark Ward's recent video in which he fumbles the ball, especially within the debate surrounding various Bible translations. Some interpreters, including Thomas Ross and Kent Brandenburg, see these verses as
- [Defining the King James Only Movement: Misrepresentations and Oversimplifications](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/31/defining-the-king-james-only-movement-misrepresentations-and-oversimplifications/) - Introduction In The King James Only Controversy, James R. White attempts to provide a comprehensive critique of what he terms the “King James Only” (KJVO) movement. White’s categorization of the KJV Only movement is segmented into five main groups, ranging from those who simply prefer the King James Version (KJV) for stylistic reasons to those
- [Which Textus Receptus? A Response to Mark Ward's Critique of Confessional Bibliology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/11/06/which-textus-receptus-a-response-to-mark-wards-critique-of-confessional-bibliology/) - Introduction The debate over the authenticity and authority of the Textus Receptus (TR) is not new, yet it remains a focal point of discussion within textual criticism and evangelical circles. Mark Ward’s Which Textus Receptus? A Critique of Confessional Bibliology, published in Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal (2020), seeks to address perceived inconsistencies within the framework
- [Erasmus' Greek New Testament & Back Translation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/29/erasmus-greek-new-testament-back-translation/) - In refuting Jeffrey Stivason’s article Erasmus & the Final Verses of Revelation, it is crucial to address not only the historical inaccuracies but also the selective presentation of evidence that undergirds the popular claim of Erasmus’ back-translation of Revelation 22:16-21 from Latin into Greek. The predominant narrative, embraced by many 19th-century scholars and repeated by
- [The Foundational Role of Revelational Epistemology in the Doctrine of Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/30/the-foundational-role-of-revelational-epistemology-in-the-doctrine-of-preservation/) - The doctrine of the preservation of Scripture is a central pillar in Confessional Bibliology. This doctrine asserts that God, through His providence, has not only inspired the original manuscripts but also preserved His words across the centuries. This belief, held by the Protestant Reformation and codified in historic confessions such as the Westminster Confession of
- [How Modern Translations Undermine Christ’s Deity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/29/how-modern-translations-undermine-christs-deity/) - A Confessional Analysis of Key Texts Introduction: The doctrine of Christ’s deity lies at the heart of orthodox Christian theology, encapsulating the belief that Christ is both fully divine and co-eternal with the Father. Any undermining of this central doctrine, whether intentional or inadvertent, poses a significant theological threat. Historically, the heresy of Arianism denied
- [A Critical Examination of Dr. Mark Ward’s Presuppositional Flaws in the KJV Readability Debate](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/29/a-critical-examination-of-dr-mark-wards-presuppositional-flaws-in-the-kjv-readability-debate/) - The debate between Dr. Dan Haifley and Dr. Mark Ward on the readability of the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible reveals fundamental differences in their approach to the translation of Scripture. Mark Ward’s focus on simplicity and clarity ostensibly prioritizes accessibility, but it is laden with problematic presuppositions and theologically precarious implications. His
- [The Linguistic Foundation of Accessibility](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/29/the-linguistic-foundation-of-accessibility/) - Anglo-Saxon Versus Latinized Words in Bible Translations The English language is a rich tapestry, woven from various linguistic influences over centuries. Of these, two primary strands dominate: Anglo-Saxon (Old English) and Latin-based vocabulary. This dichotomy between the native, Germanic roots and the imported Latinate elements has significant implications for comprehension and readability, especially when translating
- [Revelational Epistemology and the Necessity of a Preserved Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/29/revelational-epistemology-and-the-necessity-of-a-preserved-scripture/) - John 17:17 Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth. The idea of revelational epistemology holds that human knowledge of truth must ultimately rest on a source that is transcendent, yet simultaneously accessible to us. Such a foundation must be both beyond the confines of human reason (transcendent) and yet available for our understanding
- [Romans 4:25 and the Hermeneutics of Justification](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/26/romans-425-and-the-hermeneutics-of-justification/) - A Critical Evaluation of Translational Differences The theological implications of Romans 4:25 are of critical importance to the study of soteriology and the doctrine of justification. This verse, used by the Apostle Paul to articulate the connection between Christ’s atoning death and His resurrection, is rendered differently in two major translations of Scripture: the Authorized
- [Erasmus and Beza vs Krans](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/26/erasmus-and-beza-vs-krans/) - Reformers in a Pre-Enlightenment Era and the Providential Preservation of Scripture In this analysis, we will explore the historical and theological contexts that shaped the textual work of Desiderius Erasmus and Theodorus Beza, the impact of Renaissance humanism, the role of Reformed theology, and the misinterpretations introduced by Enlightenment philosophy. We’ll also consider how
- [Confessional Bibliology vs. KJV-Onlyism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/24/confessional-bibliology-vs-kjv-onlyism/) - A Response to Mark Ward’s Mischaracterization In his recent critique, “Breaking My Two-Year Silence on Confessional Bibliology,” Mark Ward addresses what he perceives as the Confessional Bibliology movement’s similarities to KJV-Onlyism. Despite acknowledging key theological and historical differences, Ward suggests that overlapping language, concerns, and criticisms of modern translations create confusion among followers of both
- [ Richard Simon’s Critical History of the New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/24/richard-simons-critical-history-of-the-new-testament/) - A Deliberate Attack on Sola Scriptura Richard Simon, a 17th-century Catholic priest, published A Critical History of the Text of the New Testament in 1689. This work is often heralded as pioneering in the field of modern biblical criticism. Simon’s Critical History, however, was not merely an academic exercise; it was a direct and calculated
- [Revelational Epistemology and the Preservation of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/24/revelational-epistemology-and-the-preservation-of-scripture/) - Affirming the Confessional View Introduction: The Issue of Scriptural Foundation The debate over the preservation of Scripture centers on a pivotal question: on what authority do we rest our confidence that the Scriptures we possess today are authentically preserved? The traditional confessional view asserts that God's providence guarantees the faithful preservation of His Word.
- [Erasmian Myths:  Revelation Back Translated from the Vulgate?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/08/erasmian-myths-revelation-back-translated-from-the-vulgate/)
- [How Enlightenment Philosophy Distorts Biblical Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2024/10/24/how-enlightenment-philosophy-distorts-biblical-preservation/) - A Response to Stephen Steele’s Modern Interpretation The ongoing debate about the preservation and authority of the biblical text centers around a critical question: what did the Reformers and the Westminster Divines believe regarding the purity and accessibility of the Scriptures? Advocates of modern textual criticism, like Stephen Steele in his article entitled Reading the
- [The Apostles and Prophets: Secretaries of the Holy Ghost](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/05/16/the-apostles-and-prophets-secretaries-of-the-holy-ghost/) - "The Scripture is the Word of God written in a language fit for the Church by men immediately called to be the Clerkes, or Secretaries of the Holy Ghost, 2 Peter 1:21: 'For prophecie came not in old time by the will of man, but the holy men of God spake as they were carried
- [NT Manuscripts Made to Order (Erasmus and I Jn5.7)](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/15/nt-manuscripts-made-to-order-erasmus-and-1-jn57/) - It is commonly known that Erasmus did not include a large section of 1 John 5:7 in the 1st and 2nd Editions of his Greek New Testament. This is the so called Comma Johanneum, "For there are three that bear record in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are
- [Follow Up: Codex Montfortianus, Erasmus, and 1 John 5:7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/17/follow-up-codex-montfortianus-erasmus-and-1-john-57/) - In a previous article I addressed the issue of Codex Montfortianus and Erasmus and showed that the so called "British" Codex that Erasmus used could not be Codex Montfortianus. I was pleased to find out that Dr. White responded to my article during his Dividing Line on June 16. However, his comments were not as
- [The Application of Thought to Textual Criticism by A.E. Housman](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/29/the-application-of-thought-to-textual-criticism-by-a-e-housman-2/) - Taken from Proceedings of the Classical Association, Vol XVIII, August 1921 In beginning to speak about the application of thought to textual criticism, I do not intend to define the term thought, because I hope that the sense which I attach to the word will emerge from what I say. But it is necessary at the
- [Providentially Preserved?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/10/12/providentially-preserved-2/) - Within Christendom there are two opposing views concerning the intent of the phrase by His [God's] singular care and providence, [the Scriptures are] kept pure in all ages. Does it refer to a generic preservation that doesn't guarantee textual purity throughout the historic life of God's people, the Church? And does it require the Church to
- [Preserved Purity:  An Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2021/04/30/preserved-purity-an-introduction/) - In Garnet H. Milne's book Has the Bible Been Kept Pure?, he quotes extensively from the writings of the Reformers. However, if you're like me, you want to read the entire passage or even work that he mentions for one's own personal edification. So this series will do just that! It will provide those extensive
- [Dr. Edward Hills on The Logic of Faith](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/12/01/dr-edward-hills-on-the-logic-of-faith/) - Dr. Edward Hills on The Logic of Faith 1. The Logic of Faith - How It Leads Us To The True Bible Text From the study of the Bible and of Church history two conclusions may be safely drawn. First, spiritual darkness and apostasy always begin with false notions concerning faith. Second, reformation and revival
- [Critical Text Onlyism:  A New Doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/11/critical-text-onlyism-a-new-doctrine/)
- [Are You a KJVO?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/10/23/are-you-a-kjvo-2/) - From time to time as one who holds to the Confessional (Biblical) Textual View you will be asked, Are You a KJVO? The very asking of this question when we are arguing not about a translation, but about which Greek & Hebrew texts the Scripture itself identifies as authentic shows a problem in the way
- [Matthew 17:21](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/09/25/matthew-1721/) - Verse: Matthew 17.21 Textus Receptus/Byzantine Text: Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting. (Matthew 17:21 Authorised Version) Nestle Aland 27: [Omit] Manuscript/Patristic Support: The omission of this verse by the Nestle-Aland Text is supported by Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus. The inclusion
- [No concord between Christ & textual atheists](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/06/17/no-concord-between-christ-textual-atheists/) - "It is much the fashion to abuse the great men of the Reformation age, for what is called their intolerance and bitterness towards adversaries. Our moderns affect a great advance upon their manners, and are quite intolerant of their intolerance, and fierce in condemnation of their fierceness. The only thing which seems to be bad
- [Textual Tuesday - Matthew 6:13](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/03/28/textual-tuesday-matthew-613/) - Verse: Last half of Matthew 6.13 Textus Receptus/Byzantine Text: For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, for ever. Amen. (Mat 6:13 KJV) Nestle Aland 27: [Omit] Manuscript/Patristic Support: The omission of this verse by the Alexandrian Text is supported by Codices Sinaiticus, Vaticanus,
- [Textual Tuesday - Mt 9:13b](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/05/25/textual-tuesday-mt-913b/) - Verse: Matthew 9.13b Textus Receptus/Byzantine Text: I am not come to call the righteous, but sinners to repentance. (Matthew 9:13 KJV) Nestle Aland 27: I have not come to call the righteous, but sinners. [The Critical Text omits 'to repentance'] (Matthew 9:13 NIV) Manuscript/Patristic Support: The
- [1 John 5:7 Vindicated Serm1.Pt1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/05/20/1-john-57-vindicated-serm1-pt1/) - SERMON I. 1 JOHN. V. 7. For there are Three that bear Record in Heaven, the FATHER, the WORD, and the Holy Ghost; and these Three are One. 171 KNOW not a Passage in all the New Testament so contested as this. Tho, it has of a long Time been own'd and day
- [Textual Tuesday - Mt 5:44](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/05/17/textual-tuesday-mt-544/) - Verse: Matthew 5.44 Textus Receptus/Byzantine Text: But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you. [This is the universal reading of the Byzantine Text. The emboldened words are
- [Textual Tuesday - Matthew 5:44](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/03/22/textual-tuesday-matthew-544/) - Verse: Matthew 5.44 Textus Receptus/Byzantine Text: But I say unto you, Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you. [This is the universal reading of the Byzantine Text. The emboldened words are
- [Textual Tuesday - Matthew 5:22](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/03/15/textual-tuesday-matthew-522/) - Verse: Matthew 5.22 Textus Receptus/Byzantine Text: But I say unto you, That whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment… (Matthew 5:22 Authorised Version) Nestle Aland 27: But I tell you that anyone who is angry with his brother will
- [RESTORATIONIST TEXTUAL CRITICISM’S VERIFICATION PROBLEM](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/03/27/restorationist-textual-criticisms-verification-problem/) - IGNORING THE ISSUE With every textual claim put forth by advocates of RTC, whether Critical Text, Majority Text, or something else, they all suffer from the same flaw: an inability to verify their textual choices. And because of this, they constantly ignore this issue. This is an issue that has always plagued RTC from its
- [The Blinde Guide by William Jenkyn - Chap 1-Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/02/25/the-blinde-guide-by-william-jenkyn-chap-1-part-1/) - THE Blinde-Guide GUIDED. Chapter 1. Directed more particularly to the reverend and learned subscribers of the late testimony to the truth with-in the Province of London. Shewing the senseless railings, the gross untruths, the shameless boastings; expressed by Master Goodwin in his Pasquil called, The Youngling Elder, With a recital of sundry weak and erroneous passages contained therein. The reproached in
- [Our Daily Metzger - Amos or Amon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/05/26/our-daily-metzger-amos-or-amon/) - In our previous post Asa or Asaph, we saw how Metzger had no qualms calling the Holy Ghost a liar when he stated, “the evangelist may have derived material for the genealogy, not from the Old Testament directly, but from subsequent genealogical lists, in which the erroneous spelling occurred“. So it should come as no surprise to us
- [Our Daily Metzger - Asa or Asaph](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/05/26/our-daily-metzger-asa-or-asaph/) - This is the first in a series that will cover some of the more outrageous and foolish claims by Dr. Bruce Metzger in his Textual Commentary. The series will also show that Restorationist Textual Criticism’s underlying philosophy is at odds with Biblical Christianity. And those who affirm any variety of it (CT or MT), need
- [Textual Tuesday - Matthew 6:1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2022/02/22/textual-tuesday-matthew-61/) - Verse: Matthew 6.1 Textus Receptus/Byzantine Text: Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, to be seen of them… (Mat 6:1 KJV) Nestle Aland 27: "Beware of practicing your righteousness before men to be noticed by them… (Mat 6:1 NAU) Manuscript/Patristic Support: The Nestle-Aland Text reading of 'righteousness' is
- [Captain Deflector Hits a Truth Wall](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2019/05/04/captain-deflector-hits-a-truth-wall/) - This page is one of those originally lost when the site crashed. It contained a link to a pdf and screenshots exposing Mr. White's ignorance about science, papyri, and the longer ending of Mark. Here's a link to the complete PDF: James White Interaction
- [The Blinde Guide by William Jenkyn Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2021/11/27/the-blinde-guide-by-william-jenkyn-introduction/) - THE Blinde Guide, or the Doting Doctor. Composed by way of Reply to a late tediously trifling Pamphlet, Entitled, The Youngling Elder, &c. written by John Goodwin, and containing little or nothing in it, but what plainly speaketh the Author thereof to lie under the double unhappiness of Seducers, To be Deceiving And Deceived. This reply indifferently serving
- [Confessional Bibliology Podcast Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2021/05/16/confessional-bibliology-podcast-introduction/) - https://www.buzzsprout.com/1782594/8530000-confessional-bibliology-podcast-introduction.mp3?download=true
- [Theodore Letis on Richard Simon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2021/05/01/theodore-letis-on-richard-simon/) - The Age of Reason was generally hostile to how the Reformation determined the text—and soon Rome perceived this apparent weakness in the Protestant armor, as well. In 1689, a Roman Catholic priest named Richard Simon began undermining the Protestant pope with his Critical History of the Text of the New Testament, in which [t]he study
- [Captain Deflector vs The Reformation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/06/02/captain-deflector-vs-the-reformation/) - JAMES WHITE’S LATEST LYING ESCAPADES The article in question: https://pulpitandpen.org/2019/09/18/five-good-reasons-reformed-and-confessional-christians-should-use-the-kjv/ Mr. White’s foolish response: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hf50qEUu6yU He mentions his written debate with Doug Wilson. Everyone should listen to this Word Magazine: WM # 80: Review: Douglas Wilson and James R. White Debate the Text of the NT min 42:20 Sam could hold to the Confessional View of Scripture because
- [Learning Greek & Latin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2021/04/30/learning-greek-latin-2/) - Pastor Pooyan Mehrshahi asked me to put together a post with resources to help seminary students learn Greek. So here is what I used and am using. When it comes to learning Greek, one needs to learn it as a living language and not as some dead language in either Aristotle or The Gospel of
- [The Strange Case of the Inconsistent Mr. White](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2021/04/25/the-strange-case-of-the-inconsistent-mr-white/) - In a previous post, James White denies the existence of Scripture, I pointed out that Mr. White's denial of an objective, universal, invariant standard was the logical equivalent of one denying the existence of Scripture. Now of course I am sure his sycophants and the PIA himself will take exception to the article. But sadly
- [James White denies the existence of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2021/04/24/james-white-denies-the-existence-of-scripture/) - During the second debate between Mr. White and Dr. Riddle, there was a question and answer section at the end for the audience. I asked a question directed at him, which was the following: "What is your objective, universal, and absolute standard by which you evaluate the Greek mss & their variants. Please be specific."
- [Argument Analysis Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2021/04/25/argument-analysis-introduction/) - This begins a series based in part off of Dr. Greg L. Bahnsen's series entitled Practical Apologetics. This series provides perhaps the best model for taking any argument and evaluating it Biblically. Above you can see that there are four main categories. Arbitrariness Inconsistencies Consequences of an Argument Preconditions of Intelligibility As I go through
- [Why this isn't a textual issue](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2021/04/24/why-this-isnt-a-textual-issue/) - I've been away from this issue for a while to take a much needed break from the nonsense RTC Advocates engage in. And I have focused most of my time upon reading the works of the Reformers referenced in Garnet H. Milne's book, Has the Bible Been Kept Pure? The more I read of their
- [Confessional Bibliology Podcast Episode 001](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/09/10/confessional-bibliology-podcast-episode-001/) - Theodore Letis Resources: https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/theodore-letis-resources/ Kept Pure in All Ages in March: https://www.fivesolas.church/conference-kept-pure-in-all-ages Dr. Jeff Riddle vs James R. White debate: Part 1 & Part 2
- [Welcome to the Revolution](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/28/welcome-to-the-revolution/) - A Welcome to Everyone Who is New There are many of you who are new to this issue or having heard someone expound the Confessional view in the Reformed Pub, you realized that it has nothing to do with what is commonly called King James Onlyism. And if you’re new to this view, then you
- [Christian McShaffrey on John 1:18](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/06/03/christian-mcshaffrey-on-john-118/)
- [Jeffrey Riddle on 1 John 5:7, 8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/06/03/jeffrey-riddle-on-1-john-57-8/)
- [Thomas Manton’s Preface to James](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/06/03/thomas-mantons-preface-to-james/) - OR, A PREFACE WHEREIN, BESIDES AN EXPLICATION OF THE TITLE, SEVERAL NECESSARY PRELIMINARY QUESTIONS ARE HANDLED AND DISCUSSED. I INTEND, by the assistance of God’s Holy Spirit, in the weekly returns of this lecture, to handle the Epistle of James. It is full of useful and practical matter. I have the rather chosen this scripture
- [Thomas Manton on Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/06/03/thomas-manton-on-preservation/) - SERMON XXIX Sanctify them through thy truth: thy word is truth.—JOHN 17:17. SECONDLY, The church hath owned the word. You see how God hath owned it; he saith it is my word. Let us see how the church hath owned it. Here I shall show three things:— 1. What is the church's duty to the
- [Why New Testament Textual Criticism Can Never Arrive at Truth](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/06/03/why-new-testament-textual-criticism-can-never-arrive-at-truth/) - RTC AS A THOUGHT EXPERIMENT So let’s pretend we have completed such an experiment. We begin our experiment by printing off a copy of the book of Matthew. This printed copy (autograph) is then given to 10 people to copy by hand. Each of their 10 copies are given to 10 more people to
- [Captain Deflector vs The Glaring Inconsistency](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/06/02/captain-deflector-vs-the-glaring-inconsistency/) - In a recent comment dealing with this post by Taylor DeSoto’s There is No Modern Doctrine of PreservationThere is No Modern Doctrine of Preservation James White has decided he’s going to “examine” Taylor’s post. Here’s the comment below: Let’s examine the form of this argument to see if it’s any good. First, to criticize what Taylor
- [James White, Inconsistency, & Lying](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/12/20/james-white-inconsistency-lying/) - James White, Inconsistency, & Lying ##UPDATE#3 (29SEP2019): On the Dividing Line from 24 Sep 2019, (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YA9aoDtJx08) Mr. White attempted to deal with this post and failed multiple ways. First, he equivocated between disputed texts and words only used once in Scripture. But it is no surprise he engaged in a logical fallacy to support his
- [The Arrogance of Scholars](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/05/31/the-arrogance-of-scholars/) - One of the most common and socially acceptable sins in Christendom is the bearing of false witness. This sin usually takes the form of the logical fallacy known as the ad hominem. And while it is common on social media for the average Christian to engage in this fallacy and see no sin in it, it
- [Do we correct the Textus Receptus with new discoveries?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/05/26/do-we-correct-the-textus-receptus-with-new-discoveries/) - This objection to the Confessional View of Scripture keeps popping up along with the claim that we have no consistent methodology for textual criticism. Both of these are due to the assumption of RTC advocates that we, like them, are rationalists who place human reasoning above the word of God. Sadly, some on our side are also
- [Doctrinal Significance of John 1:18](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/05/26/doctrinal-significance-of-john-118/) - HOW THE CRITICAL TEXT TEACHES THE GNOSTIC AND ARIAN HERESIES IN JOHN 1:18 AV/Textus Receptus/Byzantine Priority John 1:18 No man hath seen God at any time; the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom of the Father, he hath declared him. John 1:18 θεον ουδεις εωρακεν πωποτε ο μονογενης υιος ο ων εις τον κολπον του πατρος εκεινος εξηγησατο
- [The Verification Problem](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/05/20/the-verification-problem/) - IGNORING THE ISSUE With every textual claim put forth by advocates of RTC, whether Critical Text, Majority Text, or something else, they all suffer from the same flaw: an inability to verify their textual choices. And because of this, they constantly ignore this issue. This is an issue that has always plagued RTC from its
- [Lest Arius Be Offended](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2020/05/17/lest-arius-be-offended/) - For do I now persuade men, or God? Or do I seek to please men? For if I yet pleased men, I should not be the servant of Christ. – Galatians 1:10 Introduction What is heresy? Objection to calling RTC advocates heretics The revolving door for heresy The sin of man-pleasing Introduction. After posting
- [Textual Issue in John 10:29](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/09/23/textual-issue-in-john-1029/) - From Dean Burgon’s Causes of Corruption We are sometimes able to trace the origin and progress of accidental depravations of the text: and the study is as instructive as it is interesting. Let me invite attention to what is found in St. John x. 29; where,—instead of, 'My Father, who hath given them [viz. My
- [The Doctrine Relating to Canon - Method of Faith - 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/09/23/the-doctrine-relating-to-canon-method-of-faith-3/) - CHAPTER IV THE ADVANTAGES OF THE METHOD OF FAITH. 416. The method of faith, on the contrary, by requiring you to study profoundly the divine facts recorded in the Word in order to find your proofs, far from giving birth to doubts in your progress, will every day increase your motives for gratitude, and furnish
- [The Doctrine Relating to Canon - Method of Faith - 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/05/17/the-doctrine-relating-to-canon-method-of-faith-2/) - CHAPTER II OBJECTIONS TO THE METHOD OF SCIENCE. 410. This method of science, which can render such valuable service to the cause of God as long as it is not allowed to pass the limits of its legitimate use, is, nevertheless, exposed to grave objections, when persons are disposed to follow it without, at the
- [The Doctrine Relating to Canon - Method of Faith](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/03/05/the-doctrine-relating-to-canon-method-of-faith/) - The Doctrine Relating to Canon THE METHOD OF FAITH by Louis Gaussen 401. We are come to what, after all, forms the surest foundation of our confidence relative to the entire collection of the Scriptures. But it will be necessary, before entering on this important subject, to premise two observations. The first is, that our
- [Matthew 2:11 & WCF 1.8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/02/05/matthew-211-wcf-1-8/) - As the Confessional Bibliology Facebook Group is a confessional group affirming the original intent of WCF/2LBCF 1.8 we have the following in our pinned post from Dr. Garnet Milne’s Has the Bible Been Kept Pure in All Ages? A preserved purity Finally, the divines also write of a preserved purity in their chapter on Scripture:
- [Why New Testament Textual Criticism Can Never Arrive at Truth](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/02/05/why-rtc-can-never-arrive-at-truth/) - RTC as a Thought Experiment https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=W3OatkjM1gU So let’s pretend we have completed such an experiment. We begin our experiment by printing off a copy of the book of Matthew. This printed copy (autograph) is then given to 10 people to copy by hand. Each of their 10 copies are given to 10 more people
- [William Whitaker on the Canon - Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/01/22/william-whitaker-on-the-canon-part-2/) - CHAPTER IV. WHEREIN THE ARGUMENT OF THE ADVERSARIES IS PROPOSED AND CONFUTED. Having now premised a brief explanation of these matters, we will come to the discussion of the cause and question proposed. And first, we shall have to treat of the six entire books, Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, and the two books of Maccabees,
- [William Whitaker on the Canon - Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/01/22/william-whitaker-on-the-canon-part-1/) - THE FIRST CONTROVERSY. QUESTION I. CHAPTER I. WHEREIN THIS WHOLE CONTROVERSY IS DISTRIBUTED INTO ITS PARTICULAR QUESTIONS. We will lay the foundation of this controvery in those words of Christ which are to be found in the fifth chapter of St John's Gospel at the thirty-ninth verse: Ερευνατε τας γραφας; Search the Scriptures. Christ had
- [The Doctrine Relating to Canon - Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/01/21/the-doctrine-relating-to-canon-part-1-2/) - THE DOCTRINE RELATING TO THE CANON. The doctrine which concerns the canon of Scripture is this that God himself has made Himself its guarantee, that His almighty providence is engaged for the preservation of this sacred deposit, that He has guarded, now guards, and will guard it, till heaven and earth have passed away. In
- [Kruger, White, & Lovecraft Walk Into a Bar](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/01/21/kruger-white-lovecraft-walk-into-a-bar/) - Kruger, White, & Lovecraft Walk Into a Bar At the recent G3 conference in Georgia, Dr. Michael Kruger & Mr. James White had a discussion on the Doctrine of the Canon*. The first part of the discussion was actually quite profitable, apart from Mr. White attempting to make it all about him. During the first
- [Robert Rollock - Whether the Scripture be the Word of God](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/01/21/robert-rollock-whether-the-scripture-be-the-word-of-god/) - THE NUMBER OF THE CONTROVERSIES WHICH ARE CONCERNING THE WRITTEN WORD : AND OF THE FIRST CONTROVERSY, WHETHER THE SCRIPTURE BE THE WORD OF GOD. There be two kinds of controversies concerning the holy Scripture. The first kind is of such controversies as be more essential, that is, which concern the very essence (if I
- [Bullinger's Sermon on the Word of God](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2018/01/14/bullingers-sermon-on-the-word-of-god/) - Of The Word Of God; The Cause Of It; And How, And By Whom, It Was Revealed To The World. THE FIRST SERMON. LL the decrees of Christian faith, with every way how to live rightly, well, and holily, and finally, all true and heavenly wisdom, have always been fetched out of the testimonies, or
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 2.7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/10/12/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-2-7/) - CHAP. VII. Of the Manuscript of Berlin. 'Tis here no longer that same Mr. Emlyn, who has been silent with regard to the Manuscripts mention'd in the Preface to the Louvain doctors, and that which F. Amelette affirm'd he saw at Rome; 'tis quite another thing when we come to the Manuscript of Berlin. Mr. Emlyn
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 2.6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/10/11/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-2-6/) - CHAP. VI. A Defence of the Manuscripts of Robert Stephens against certain Manuscripts produced from the Library of the King of France, which are pretended to be the same that Stephens used in his Editions. THE proof which all those who have wrote before me upon this subject have drawn from the Editions of Robert
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 2.5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/10/05/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-2-5/) - CHAP. V. Of the obelus plac'd in the middle of the 7th Verse, There are three in heaven, &c. of the Manuscripts mention'd by the Divines of Louvain, and of that which F. Amelotte says he saw at Rome. WE have seen that among the Manuscripts of Robert Stephens there were found seven, in which
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 2.4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/10/05/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-2-4/) - Of Robert Stephen's Manuscripts WE have seen in the foregoing Chapter the extreme perplexity in which Mr. Simon arid Mr. Emlyn are found with reference to the Manuscripts of Complutum and Erasmus; they could not extricate themselves but by denying that the passage of St. John was in any of these Manuscripts. The difficulty is
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 2.3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/10/05/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-2-3/) - CHAP. III. The passage of St. John proved to be genuine from the Greek Manuscripts with some particular considerations upon the Manuscripts of Laurentius Valla, upon that of Complutum, and that of England or the Codex Britannicus. IT would be very surprizing that two of the three parts of the Christian World, namely, Europe and
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 2.2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/10/05/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-2-2/) - CHAP. II. Of the first Greek Editions, in which the Text of the three witnesses in heaven is read, and of those in which this Text is not inserted. Before I come to speak of the Greek Manuscripts which serve to defend the truth of the passage of St. John, I think it will not
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 2.1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/10/05/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-2-1/) - PART the SECOND. In which, the passage of St. John's Epistle, There are three in heaven, &c. is prov'd to be genuine from the Greek Copies, and the use of the Greek Church. CHAP. I. That the two ancient Latin Versions, the Italick and the Vulgate of St. Jerom, are a proof that the disputed
- [Essay on the Right Estimation of MSS Evidence 1.0](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/29/essay-on-the-right-estimation-of-mss-evidence-1-0/) - Essay on the Right Estimation of MSS Evidence Preface & Introduction The present attempt to revise and improve our English Bible is mixed up inseparably with a further question, What is the true original Text of the New Testament, on which any such revision has to be based? It seems unfortunate that this more important
- [THE GREEK TEXT OF WESTCOTT AND HORT.](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/29/the-greek-text-of-westcott-and-hort-the-case-of-the-conservatives/) - THE GREEK TEXT OF WESTCOTT AND HORT. THE CASE OF THE CONSERVATIVES. I HAVE been requested to state briefly and in as popular a form as the subject will admit, the case of the Conservatives against the Greek Text of the New Testament put forth by Professors Westcott and Hort, the case for them having
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 1.10](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/29/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-1-10/) - CHAP. X. What judgment must be passed upon the Latin of the Vulgate of St. Jerom, which have not the Text of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. WERE we so happy as to have the Manuscripts of the Bible which had pass'd under St. Jerom's eyes, or only the Manuscripts which had
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 1.9](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/29/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-1-9/) - CHAP. IX. That the Text of the three witnesses, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost, and these three are one, was always in St. Jerom's Version. MR. Emlyn does not deny but this Text has been in the Manuscripts of the Latin Bibles since the time of Charles the Great, who liv'd at
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 1.8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/29/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-1-8/) - C H A P. VIII. Of the judgment St. Jerom has made of this Text, in his Prologue to the seven Catholick Epistles 'Tis impossible but that St. Jerom must have seen in the Italick Version a Text which Tertullian and St. Cyprian had read there before him, and which all the world had seen there
- [Treatise of the Holy Scriptures by John Jewel part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/29/treatise-of-the-holy-scriptures-by-john-jewel-part-2/) - The Authority of the Fathers But what say we of the fathers, Augustine, Ambrose, Hierome, Cyprian, &c.? What shall we think of them, or what account may we make of them? They be interpreters of the word of God. They were learned men, and learned fathers; the instruments of the mercy of God, and vessels
- [Treatise of the Holy Scriptures by John Jewel part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/29/treatise-of-the-holy-scriptures-by-john-jewel-part-1/) - TREATISE OF THE HOLY SCRIPTURES, GATHERED OUT OF CERTAIN SERMONS, WHICH THE REVEREND FATHER IN GOD, BISHOP JEWEL, PREACHED AT SARISBURY, ANNO DOMINI 1570. Among all his creatures in heaven or earth God hath not made any like unto the sun in the firmament, the beams whereof are beautiful and pleasant, and do give comfort
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 1.7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/27/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-1-7/) - C H A P. VII. Other quotations of the Italick Verston in favour of the passage in St. John's Epistle, taken from two ancient Tracts, ascrib'd to St. Fulgentius. ST. Fulgentius, Bishop of Ruspe in Africk, liv'd in those sorrowful times, when Arianism was upon the throne, and true Christianity very much persecuted. I have
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 1.6](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/27/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-1-6/) - CHAP. VI. Containing some new reflexions upon the Profession of faith, which was presented to Huneric by the African Bishops. IN speaking of Vigilius Bishop of Tapsum, and the frequent quotations he has made of the passage of St. John, I have had occasion to place with him the three or four hundred Bishops, who
- [The Doctrinal Various Readings of the New Testament Greek](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/26/the-doctrinal-various-readings-of-the-new-testament-greek-2/) - Taken from R. L. Dabney's Discussions p.350 THE magnificent work whose name stands last in this list may be said to complete a marked stage in the progress, or at least in the rotation, of the art of biblical criticism. It very properly suggests, not only some inquiry into the value and authority of the
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 1.5](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/19/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-1-5/) - Other proofs that the Text of the witnesses in heaven was in the old Italick Version. TO the age of St. Cyprian immediately succeeded that, in which St. Jerom flourish'd. The first Latin Version had already been made three hundred years, and in less time many faults must have crept into the Copies, which
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 1.4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/19/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-1-4/) - That the Text of the three witnesses in heaven was from the first Ages in the Italick Version., prov'd from the quotations of Tertullian and St. Cyprian. IT is not from the MSS. themselves of the Italick Version, that we can know whether such or such a passage was in it j these MSS. have
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 1.3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/19/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-1-3/) - Of the nature of the proofs on which the genuineness of the Text of the three witnesses in heaven, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, must be established; and of the nullity of those, which are urg'd against it. IT would be of no service, that these words contain'd the great and sublime
- [John Owen on Providential Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/10/john-owen-on-providential-preservation/) - Below, John Owen provides 12 arguments in support of the Doctrine of Providential Preservation: We add, that the whole Scripture, entire as given out from God, without any loss, is preserved in the copies of the originals yet remaining; what varieties there are among the copies themselves shall be afterward declared. In them all, we
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin 1.2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/10/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-1-2/) - CHAP. II. The Text of the three witnesses in heaven clear'd up, for the better understanding the importance and force of it, which were spoke of in the foregoing Chapter. THE first thing, which here offers it self to be clear'd up, and which may create some difficulty in the minds of those persons, who
- [The Genuineness of 1 John 5.7 by David Martin Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/10/the-genuineness-of-1-john-5-7-by-david-martin-part-1/) - This will be a 24-part series covering David Martin's The Genuineness of the Text of the First Epistle of Saint John V.7 The 7th Verse of the Fifth Chap. of St. John's first Epistle, There are three, S’c. prov'd to be genuine beyond all Exception, from the ancient Latin Bibles, the Quotations of the Fathers, the
- [Edward Freer Hills and the Last 12 Verses of Mark](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/10/edward-freer-hills-and-the-last-12-verses-of-mark/) - 5. The Last Twelve Verses Of Mark Burgon's best known work in the field of textual criticism was his treatise on The Last Twelve Verses of Mark, which he published in 1871 after years of preliminary study. (61) For over a century this volume has deservedly been held in high esteem by believing Bible students,
- [Erasmian Myths: The Rush to Print](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/10/erasmian-myths-the-rush-to-print/) - One of the more pernicious myths circulating about Erasmus concerns the quality of his Greek New Testament. The story goes that it was filled with errors because Erasmus was rushing to print. This myth was decimated by the eminent scholar Dr. M. A. Screech back in 1986 in his introduction to the Annotations of Erasmus.
- [Edward Freer Hills on the Comma Johanneum](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/10/edward-freer-hills-on-the-comma-johanneum/) - Excerpt from his book The King James Version Defended 3. The Johannine Comma (1 John 5:7) In the Textus Receptus 1 John 5:7-8 reads as follows: 7 For there are three that bear witness IN HEAVEN, THE FATHER, THE WORD, AND THE HOLY SPIRIT: AND THESE THREE ARE ONE. 8 AND THERE ARE THREE THAT
- [Francis Turretin and the Comma Johanneum](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/09/10/francis-turretin-and-the-comma-johanneum/) - Francis Turretin & the Comma Johanneum One of the claims going around the internet about Francis Turretin is that he would not have defended 1 John 5:7, commonly called the Comma Johanneum. Below is a loose Google translation of the Disputatio Theological of Francis Turretin on the CJ made readable by William Sandell. It is
- [The Revision Revised - Preface](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/05/01/the-revision-revised-preface/) - PREFACE. The ensuing three Articles from the “Quarterly Review,”—(wrung out of me by the publication [May 17th, 1881] of the “Revision” of our “Authorized Version of the New Testament,”)—appear in their present form in compliance with an amount of continuous solicitation that they should be separately published, which it would have been alike unreasonable and
- [Being Proud of Your Heresy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/05/01/being-proud-of-your-heresy/) - When it comes to the foundation of Christianity, the Bible, humor seems to be out of place. But occasionally the enemies of God's word provide us with a good laugh by telling the truth about their ungodly intentions. Not only is this page from NA27 confirming that it is produced in agreement with the Vatican
- [Well what's your methodology?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/05/01/well-whats-your-methodology/) - A common question that arises from those who support the unbiblical practice of textual criticism is, "Well what methodology do you use?" or, "Your methodology can't produce a text!" and other such nonsensical statements. Most of these type of comments are usually from people who get their arguments from James White. In a previous post, Presuppositions
- [Presuppositions of Textual Criticism Examined](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/04/24/presuppositions-of-textual-criticism-examined/) - It’s been some time since I’ve posted due to work and building up the Miskatonic University site. But now that I have time, I’m going to focus on three of the canons of textual criticism and the assumptions one must make to affirm them. The three canons will be provided followed by a short analysis
- [Textus Receptus - Default Text or Chosen Text?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2017/01/12/textus-receptus-default-text-or-chosen-text/) - One of the oft made claims of a popular apologist in evangelical circles is that the Reformers did not choose the Textus Receptus, but that they used it because they had no other options. Is that true? Were there no other Greek New Testaments during the Reformation apart from the Textus Receptus? Let’s see. The
- [Confessional Bibliology Podcast #1 Introduction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/12/04/confessional-bibliology-podcast-1-introduction/) - Confessional Bibliology Podcast Episode #1 Introductions
- [John Gill On the Hebrew Vowel Points pt 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/12/01/john-gill-on-the-hebrew-vowel-points-pt-4/) - On the Hebrew Letters, Vowel Points, & Accents by John Gill, D.D. Chapter 3. Concerning the Original of the Samaritans, their Language and Letters HAVING, in the preceding Chapter, shown that it is probable that the Hebrews always had the same letters, without any material change or alteration, and which have been retained by them,
- [John Gill On the Hebrew Vowel Points pt 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/12/01/john-gill-on-the-hebrew-vowel-points-pt-3/) - On the Hebrew Letters, Vowel Points, & Accents by John Gill, D.D. Chapter 2. Concerning the Antiquity of the Hebrew Letters IT has been a controversy among learned men, for a century or two past, whether the modern letters used by the Jews, and in which their sacred books are now extant, are the same
- [Textual Criticism != Providential Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/12/01/textual-criticism-providential-preservation/) - Textual Criticism does not equal Providential Preservation. In his latest Dividing Line, Mr. White calls the non-CT views among other things "dangerous, counter-productive, non-confessional, ahistorical and indefensible." Now Mr. White holds to the mid-20th century view of Restorationist Textual Criticism. Actual textual critics like Dr. Bart Ehrman, Dr. D. C. Parker have long abandoned Mr.
- [John Gill On the Hebrew Vowel Points pt 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/12/01/john-gill-on-the-hebrew-vowel-points-pt-2/) - On the Hebrew Letters, Vowel Points, & Accents by John Gill, D.D. I OBSERVE there is much talk about the Masoretic Bible, and about Masoretic authority. As to the Masoretic Bible, I could never learn there ever was such an one, either in manuscript, or in print, that could with any propriety be so called.
- [John Gill On the Hebrew Vowel Points pt 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/12/01/john-gill-on-the-hebrewl-vowel-points/) - On the Hebrew Letters, Vowel Points, & Accents by John Gill, D.D. The Preface. THE following Dissertation has long lain by me; nor was it written at first with any design to publish it to the world; but was written at leisure-hours for my own amusement, and by way of essay to try how
- [Of the Divine Original - Introduction Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/11/19/of-the-divine-original-introduction-part-4/) - WITH AN ANSWER TO THAT INQUIRY, HOW WE KNOW THE SCRIPTURES TO BE THE WORD OF GOD. Continued from Part 3 CHAPTER 4. Innate arguments in the Scripture of its divine original and authority — Its self-evidencing efficacy — All light manifests itself — The Scripture light — Spiritual light evidential — Consectaries from the
- [Of the Divine Original - Introduction Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/11/19/of-the-divine-original-introduction-part-3-2/) - WITH AN ANSWER TO THAT INQUIRY, HOW WE KNOW THE SCRIPTURES TO BE THE WORD OF GOD. PREFATORY NOTE. THIS interesting treatise originated in the request of several persons, who had heard Owen preaching on the subject, that he would publish the substance of what he had preached. It broaches the great argument of the
- [The Adventures of Captain Deflector Episode 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/11/16/the-adventures-of-captain-deflector-episode-1/) - James White's Red Herrings Pastor Robert Truelove posted the following OP on Facebook in various groups on Nov 13: Regarding having a meaningful apologetic for the Christian faith and the text of the New Testament... The denial of the inspiration of the Pericope Adulterae (the woman caught in adultery in John 8) and the last
- [Of the Integrity and Purity of the Hebrew & Greek Texts of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/11/03/of-the-integrity-and-purity-of-the-hebrew-greek/) - With Consideration on the Prolegomena and Appendix to the Late Biblia Polyglotta. Prefatory Note Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Prefatory Note: There is a tendency to acquiesce in the general verdict against our author for the part he took in the controversy with Walton
- [Idolatry & Atheism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/11/03/idolatry-atheism/) - The Idolatry & Atheism of Restoration Textual Criticism The current low view of Scripture held by those who contend for Restorationist Textual Criticism, was at one time considered by men such as John Owen to be both idolatrous and bordering on atheism. RTC, which originated with the Roman Catholic priest Richard Simon, was recognized by
- [Idolatry & Atheism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/11/03/idolatry-atheism-2/) - The Idolatry & Atheism of Restoration Textual Criticism The current low view of Scripture held by those who contend for Restorationist Textual Criticism, was at one time considered by men such as John Owen to be both idolatrous and bordering on atheism. RTC, which originated with the Roman Catholic priest Richard Simon, was recognized by
- [The Perfection of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/07/06/the-perfection-of-scripture/) - QUESTION 16: Does Scripture contain whatever is necessary for their salvation to the extent that after it was given there was no need for unwritten traditions? Affirmative. I. In order to avoid the tribunal of Scripture, which they know as an adversary, the Roman Catholics not only reject its authenticity and integrity, but also seek
- [The Authenticity of the Vulgate](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/07/06/the-authenticity-of-the-vulgate/) - Question 15: Is the Vulgate version authentic? Negative, against the Roman Catholics I. It is not to be asked whether the Vulgate has value, and frequently presents the truth very effectively. No one denies this. Nor is it to be asked whether it was in past times and over a long period used in the
- [The Authenticity of the Vulgate](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/07/06/the-authenticity-of-the-vulgate-2/) - Question 15: Is the Vulgate version authentic? Negative, against the Roman Catholics I. It is not to be asked whether the Vulgate has value, and frequently presents the truth very effectively. No one denies this. Nor is it to be asked whether it was in past times and over a long period used in the
- [The Authenticity of the Septuagint](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/30/the-authenticity-of-the-septuagint/) - QUESTION 14: Is the Septuagint version of the Old Testament authoritative? Negative. I. Among the Greek versions of the Old Testament, that of the seventy-two translators rightly holds first place among us. It held this honor both among Jews and among Christians, both in the East and in the West, so that Jews in their
- [Of the Divine Original - Introduction Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/15/of-the-divine-original-introduction-part-2/) - OF THE DIVINE ORIGINAL, AUTHORITY, SELF-EVIDENCING LIGHT, AND POWER OF THE SCRIPTURES; For my own part, I must confess that I shall as soon believe a poor, deluded, fanatical Quaker, pretending to be guided by an infallible Spirit, as their pope with his whole conclave of cardinals, upon the terms here laid down by Morinus.
- [Of the Divine Original - Introduction Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/15/of-the-divine-original-introduction-part-1/) - OF THE DIVINE ORIGINAL, AUTHORITY, SELF-EVIDENCING LIGHT, AND POWER OF THE SCRIPTURES; WITH AN ANSWER TO THAT INQUIRY, HOW WE KNOW THE SCRIPTURES TO BE THE WORD OF GOD. ALSO, A VINDICATION OF THE PURITY AND INTEGRITY OF THE HEBREW AND GREEK TEXTS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT; IN SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PROLEGOMENA
- [John Owen's Doctrine of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/15/john-owens-doctrine-of-scripture/) - As part of the series of Index Posts on Reformed Bibliology, we have the John Owen series. Who was John Owen? John Owen (1616 - 1683) was an English theologian and "was without doubt not only the greatest theologian of the English Puritan movement but also one of the greatest European Reformed theologians of his
- [On the Divine Original of the Scriptures - Preface](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/15/on-the-divine-original-of-the-scriptures-preface/) - OF THE DIVINE ORIGINAL, AUTHORITY, SELF-EVIDENCING LIGHT, AND POWER OF THE SCRIPTURES; WITH AN ANSWER TO THAT INQUIRY, HOW WE KNOW THE SCRIPTURES TO BE THE WORD OF GOD. ALSO, A VINDICATION OF THE PURITY AND INTEGRITY OF THE HEBREW AND GREEK TEXTS OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENT; IN SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE PROLEGOMENA
- [The Need of Translations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/15/the-need-of-translations/) - QUESTION 13: Are translations necessary, and what is their authority and use in the church? I. There are two parts of this question: the first concerning the need for translations, and the second their authority. As to the first, although the wiser Roman Catholics recognize the need and value of translations, and have therefore prepared
- [Matthew Henry, Cyprian, & the Comma](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/14/matthew-henry-cyprian-the-comma/) - Matthew Henry on the Comma Johanneum, Cyprian, Thomas Aquinas, and the Complutensian Polyglot This post originated from a meme and a post in the Confessional Bibliology Facebook group and from the claim of a popular evangelical that Cyprian did not quote 1 John 5:7. This post also has the added benefit of dealing with the
- [The Authentic Version of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/13/the-authentic-version-of-scripture/) - QUESTION 11: Are the Hebrew version of the Old Testament and the Greek of the New the only authentic ones? Affirmative, against the Roman Catholics. I. Some versions of Scripture are original and primary, originally prepared by the authors; others are secondary, versions in other languages into which it has been translated. No one denies
- [The Authentic Version of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/13/the-authentic-version-of-scripture-2/) - QUESTION 11: Are the Hebrew version of the Old Testament and the Greek of the New the only authentic ones? Affirmative, against the Roman Catholics. I. Some versions of Scripture are original and primary, originally prepared by the authors; others are secondary, versions in other languages into which it has been translated. No one denies
- [The Purity of the Original Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/13/the-purity-of-the-original-text/) - QUESTION 10: Has the original text of the Old and New Testaments come to us pure and uncorrupted? Affirmative, against the Roman Catholics. I. This question is forced upon us by the Roman Catholics, who raise doubts concerning the purity of the sources in order more readily to establish the authority of their Vulgate and
- [The Purity of the Original Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/13/the-purity-of-the-original-text/) - QUESTION 10: Has the original text of the Old and New Testaments come to us pure and uncorrupted? Affirmative, against the Roman Catholics. I. This question is forced upon us by the Roman Catholics, who raise doubts concerning the purity of the sources in order more readily to establish the authority of their Vulgate and
- [The Canonicity of the Apocrypha](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/13/the-canonicity-of-the-apocrypha/) - QUESTION 9: Are Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, the first two books of Maccabees, Baruch, and the additions to Esther and Daniel properly included in the list of canonical books? Negative, against the Roman Catholics. I. The apocryphal books are so called not because the authors of the books are unknown--there are canonical works whose authors
- [The Canonicity of the Apocrypha](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/13/the-canonicity-of-the-apocrypha-2/) - QUESTION 9: Are Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, Ecclesiasticus, the first two books of Maccabees, Baruch, and the additions to Esther and Daniel properly included in the list of canonical books? Negative, against the Roman Catholics. I. The apocryphal books are so called not because the authors of the books are unknown--there are canonical works whose authors
- [The Canonicity of the Old Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/13/the-canonicity-of-the-old-testament/) - QUESTION 8: Are the books of the Old Testament still part of the canon of faith, and the rule of conduct in the church of the New Testament? Affirmative, against the Anabaptists. I. This question divides us from the Anabaptists, who exclude the Old Testament books from the canon of faith, as if they were
- [A Short Response to James White](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/13/a-short-response-to-james-white/) - Faulty Facts and Assumptions On Thursday, June 9th, James White posted in the Reformed Pub about the Comma Johanneum. Like most of Mr. White's previous interactions with those of us that hold to the Confessional view of Scripture, Mr. White failed to understand the key difference between our position and his, he then claimed victory,
- [The Authenticity of the Hebrew Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/12/the-authenticity-of-the-hebrew-text/) - QUESTION 12: Is the present Hebrew text authentic and inspired both as to content and as to words, so that all versions are to be tested by its norm, and corrected if they differ? Or can the text which it offers, if judged to be less desirable, be rejected, and corrected, and brought into agreement
- [The Preservation of the Canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/10/the-preservation-of-the-canon/) - QUESTIQN 7 Will any canonical book ever have disappeared? Negative. I. In order more readily to discuss the various questions that are raised concerning the canon, a distinction must first be established. This word is used both broadly and narrowly. In the first sense it was applied by the patristic writers to the ecclesiastical decrees
- [The Knowledge of Scriptural Authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/10/the-knowledge-of-scriptural-authority/) - Question 6: How does the authority of the Holy (divinus) Scripture become known to us? Doesit, either in itself or on our part, depend upon the witness of the Church? Negative, against the Roman Catholics. I. The purpose of the Roman Catholics, in this and other controversies which they maintain over the Scripture, is
- [The Knowledge of Scriptural Authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/10/the-knowledge-of-scriptural-authority-2/) - Question 6: How does the authority of the Holy (divinus) Scripture become known to us? Doesit, either in itself or on our part, depend upon the witness of the Church? Negative, against the Roman Catholics. I. The purpose of the Roman Catholics, in this and other controversies which they maintain over the Scripture, is
- [Apparent Contradictions in Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/08/apparent-contradictions-in-scripture/) - QUESTION 5: Are there in Scripture true contradictions, or any irreconcilable passages, which cannot be resolved or harmonized in any way? Negative. I. When the divine quality of Scripture, which was argued in the preceding question, has been accepted, its infallibility follows of necessity. But in every age the enemies of true religion and of
- [Apparent Contradictions in Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/08/apparent-contradictions-in-scripture-2/) - QUESTION 5: Are there in Scripture true contradictions, or any irreconcilable passages, which cannot be resolved or harmonized in any way? Negative. I. When the divine quality of Scripture, which was argued in the preceding question, has been accepted, its infallibility follows of necessity. But in every age the enemies of true religion and of
- [The Authority of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/07/the-authority-of-scripture/) - QUESTION 4: Are the Holy Scriptures genuine and divine? Affirmative. I. The question of the authority (authoritas) of Scripture depends upon its origin, which has just been discussed. Since it is from God, it cannot be other than genuine (authenticus) and divine. Hence arises the question or its authority, which can have two aspects: (1)
- [The Divine Imperative of Written Revelation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/07/the-divine-imperative-of-written-revelation/) - QUESTION 3: Was the Holy Scripture written because of the circumstances of the time (occasionaliter), and without divine command? Negative, against the Roman Catholics. I. This question is debated between us and the Roman Catholics, who, in order to minimize the authority and perfection of Scripture, teach not only that it is less than necessary,
- [The Divine Imperative of Written Revelation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/07/the-divine-imperative-of-written-revelation-2/) - QUESTION 3: Was the Holy Scripture written because of the circumstances of the time (occasionaliter), and without divine command? Negative, against the Roman Catholics. I. This question is debated between us and the Roman Catholics, who, in order to minimize the authority and perfection of Scripture, teach not only that it is less than necessary,
- [The Necessity of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/07/the-necessity-of-scripture/) - QUESTION 2: Was it necessary for the word to be committed to writing? Affirmative. I. Since in the preceding question we have proved the necessity of the word, in this one the necessity of Scripture, or the written word, is argued against the Roman Catholics. For, just as to establish more easily their traditions and
- [The Necessity of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/07/the-necessity-of-scripture-2/) - QUESTION 2: Was it necessary for the word to be committed to writing? Affirmative. I. Since in the preceding question we have proved the necessity of the word, in this one the necessity of Scripture, or the written word, is argued against the Roman Catholics. For, just as to establish more easily their traditions and
- [Francis Turretin's Doctrine of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/07/francis-turretins-doctrine-of-scripture/) - Doctrine of Scripture This begins a series of 21 blog posts taken from the PDF 21 Questions of the Doctrine of Scripture by Francis Turretin. Other series will include the works of John Owen, John Gill, R.L. Dabney, Edward Leigh, etc. Hopefully breaking out such writings in single posts will make them easier to find
- [The Necessity of Verbal Revelation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/07/the-necessity-of-verbal-revelation/) - QUESTION 1: Was revelation by the word necessary? Affirmative. I. Since the word of God is the unique foundation (principium) of theology, its necessity is properly investigated at the very beginning: was it necessary for God to reveal himself to us by the word? or, was the word of God necessary? There have been in
- [Five Considerations About Arguments Based on Stylistic Differences](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/06/06/five-considerations-about-arguments-based-on-stylistic-differences/) - How should we think about arguments against the traditional human authorship of a certain passage or book of Scripture based on style and word choice, such as this one by Bart Ehrman: "its writing style is very different from what we find in the rest of John (including the stories immediately before and after); and
- [Four Reasons to Reject the Floating Tradition Argument Against the Pericope Adulterae](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/05/20/four-reasons-to-reject-the-floating-tradition-argument-against-the-pericope-adulterae/) - The "floating tradition" argument against the authenticity of the Pericope Adulterae (PA), John 7:53-8:11, is summarized well by Bruce Metzger in 1964, "The pericope is obviously a piece of floating tradition which circulated in certain parts of the Western Church. It was subsequently inserted into various manuscripts at various places" (Text Of The New Testament,
- [Erasmian Myths:  Codex Vaticanus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/05/16/erasmian-myths-codex-vaticanus/) - Erasmus & Codex Vaticanus [Part 1: Erasmus & the Comma Johanneum] In part 2 of our series, The Erasmian Myths, we will deal with the oft repeated, but never proven claim, that Erasmus didn’t have access to Codex Vaticanus, but if he did he would have used it. But this claim has no foundation in
- [Making Mountains Out of Molehills - Part 4](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/04/19/making-mountains-out-of-molehills-part-4/) - Making Mountains Out of Molehills Part 4 This is part 4 of the Apologia radio episode featuring James White. You can read the other parts here:
- [Making Mountains Out of Molehills - Part 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/04/15/making-mountains-out-of-molehills-part-3/) - Making Mountains Out of Molehills Part 3 This is part 3 in this series. Here are Part 1, Part 2, & Part 4. Again, my responses are in Italics. 43:28 “What I did, is I responded to, you know, some people started saying, for example Paul Barth quoted from Augustine. And Augustine wrote a short little
- [Making Mountains Out of Molehills - Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/04/15/making-mountains-out-of-molehills-part-2/) - Making Mountains Out of Molehills Part 2
- [Making Mountains Out of Molehills - Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/04/14/making-mountains-out-of-molehills-part-1/) - Making Mountains Out of Molehills Part 1
- [Defense of the Pericope by Dr. Edward Freer Hills](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/04/01/defense-of-the-pericope-by-dr-edward-freer-hills/) - Defense of the Pericope by Dr. Edward Freer Hills The Woman Taken In Adultery (John 7:53-8:11) The story of the woman taken in adultery (called the pericope de adultera) has been rather harshly treated by the modern English versions. The R.V. and the A.S.V. put it in brackets; the R.S.V. relegates it to the footnotes;
- [Response to James White on Augustine and the Pericope Adulterae](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/29/response-to-james-white-on-augustine-and-the-pericope-adulterae/)
- [William Whitaker on Augustine's View of the Apocrypha](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/29/william-whitaker-on-augustines-view-of-the-apocrypha/) - We allow that the council of Carthage, and Gelasius with his seventy bishops, and Innocent, and Augustine, and Isidore call these books canonical. But the question is, in what sense they called them canonical. Now, we deny that their meaning was to make these books, of which we now speak, of equal authority with those
- [Argument Analysis Checklist](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/25/argument-analysis-checklist/) - Argument Analysis Checklist This post in the main is from an older blog I no longer maintain. Why an argument analysis checklist? They’re easy for people to memorize. So I’m providing the checklist I follow when doing argument analysis. Will the argument fly? Or will it crash and burn? This checklist also works well for
- [Argument Analysis Checklist](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/25/argument-analysis-checklist-2/) - Argument Analysis Checklist This post in the main is from an older blog I no longer maintain. Why an argument analysis checklist? They’re easy for people to memorize. So I’m providing the checklist I follow when doing argument analysis. Will the argument fly? Or will it crash and burn? This checklist also works well for
- [The Artificial Memory](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/13/the-artificial-memory/) - So after reading the previous two posts on memory you should now be asking yourself, Where do I begin in the development my artificial memory? First we begin with the 3 keys of artificial memory. Three Keys of Artificial Memory Association Imagination Location You can remember these 3 keys to developing your artificial memory by
- [The Artificial Memory](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/13/the-artificial-memory-2/) - So after reading the previous two posts on memory you should now be asking yourself, Where do I begin in the development my artificial memory? First we begin with the 3 keys of artificial memory. Three Keys of Artificial Memory Association Imagination Location You can remember these 3 keys to developing your artificial memory by
- [Rhetorica Ad Herennium on Memory](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/13/rhetorica-ad-herennium-on-memory/) - The following excerpt is from the Latin text Ad Herennium. Though written many centuries ago, the information it provides on improving the memory is still as useful today as it was when originally written. I suggest reading it before continuing on to the lessons on improving the memory. Now let me turn to the treasure-house
- [A History of Memory](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/13/a-history-of-memory/) - (A post on memory from an old site I started.) In beginning any history on the techniques of memory, tradition requires the mention of the following story. It is much like writing the “Hello World!” program in C. Simonides of Ceos was a Greek lyric poet who is famous for being associated with mnemonics. Mnemonics
- [The Preservation of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/08/the-preservation-of-scripture/) - One of the benefits that God gave Israel as his covenanted people was committing to them the oracles of God. What advantage then hath the Jew? or what profit is there of circumcision? Much every way: chiefly, because that unto them were committed the oracles of God (Rom. 3:1-2). As the Gentile Church has been made partaker in the spiritual benefits that Israel
- [Did Paul say what I think he just said?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/08/did-paul-say-what-i-think-he-just-said/) - This is my first article on the site and I wanted to thank Chris for the opportunity to contribute. I am by no means an expert when it comes to textual criticism, though I did learn a little bit while in seminary. In this article, we are going to look at Galatians 5:12 and see whether
- [Are you Confessional, Atheistic, or Evangelical on the Doctrine of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/04/are-you-confessional-atheistic-or-evangelical-on-the-doctrine-of-scripture/) - Three Types of Consistency and Textual Criticism How we approach the work of textual criticism, must like all other doctrines, be derived from Scripture alone. This is evident from Chapter 1 of the WCF/2LBCF Confessions themselves: 10. The supreme judge, by which all controversies of religion are to be determined, and all decrees of councils,
- [Erasmian Myths:  The Comma Wager](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/02/erasmian-myths-the-comma-wager/) - Erasmian Myths This year marks the 500th anniversary of the publication of Erasmus Greek New Testament and his Latin translation. And next week at Houston Baptist University there will be a conference on Erasmus and his work. In light of this, I present the following 4 post series on the biggest myths about Erasmus. If
- [Historical Resources on Textual Criticism, Bible Versions, etc.](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2016/03/02/historical-resources-on-textual-criticism-bible-versions-etc/) - The information in this post comes from the following Facebook note of Sean McDonald. They will be added to The Library over the next 2 weeks along with many other books. May 27, 2013 at 8:10am The following online resources tend toward the defense either of the Byzantine Text (Majority Text, Ecclesiastical Text, Traditional Text,
- [Learning Latin, Greek, & Hebrew](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/27/learning-latin-greek-hebrew/) - I've posted these a few times in the Confessional Bibliology Facebook group. But from time to time people ask for them again. The last time I posted them I added hashtags, but I think a post may be easier to find with the category Latin-Greek-Hebrew. Here's the listing of resources: Latin For those wanting to
- [Learning Latin, Greek, & Hebrew](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/27/learning-latin-greek-hebrew-2/) - I've posted these a few times in the Confessional Bibliology Facebook group. But from time to time people ask for them again. The last time I posted them I added hashtags, but I think a post may be easier to find with the category Latin-Greek-Hebrew. Here's the listing of resources: Latin For those wanting to
- [Where to begin in the textual debate?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/27/where-to-begin-in-the-textual-debate/)
- [Where to begin in the textual debate?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/27/where-to-begin-in-the-textual-debate-2/)
- [Upcoming posts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/11/upcoming-posts/) - It's been a while since I posted due to life, updating the site theme, adding more resources, finding more resources and so on. That is changing. At most, there may be one or two new posts per week. Here are some of the upcoming posts: Restorationist Textual Criticism - an overview of what it is,
- [Dan Wallace & Why a Little Research Goes a Long Way](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/11/dan-wallace-why-a-little-research-goes-a-long-way/) - In a Facebook group, a friend on FB tagged me on a discussion about the following article: Is “Lucifer” the Devil in Is 14:12. I’ve reproduced a couple of quotes below. But before I begin, let me say this: Lucifer did not originally refer to the Devil except as Matthew Poole states, in a mystical
- [Dan Wallace & Why a Little Research Goes a Long Way](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/11/dan-wallace-why-a-little-research-goes-a-long-way-2/) - In a Facebook group, a friend on FB tagged me on a discussion about the following article: Is “Lucifer” the Devil in Is 14:12. I’ve reproduced a couple of quotes below. But before I begin, let me say this: Lucifer did not originally refer to the Devil except as Matthew Poole states, in a mystical
- [The Second Helvetic Confession](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/11/the-second-helvetic-confession-2/) - The View of Scripture found in the Second Helvetic Confession CHAPTER I Of The Holy Scripture Being The True Word of God CANONICAL SCRIPTURE. We believe and confess the canonical Scriptures of the holy prophets and apostles of both Testaments to be the true Word of God, and to have sufficient authority of themselves, not
- [Welcome to Confessional Bibliology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/2015/12/11/welcome-to-confessional-bibliology/) - Welcome to the site for Confessional Bibliology. The purpose of this site is to provide resources, discussions, and analysis on the Confessional view of Scripture as found in the Reformed Confessions. Here is a break down of the Menu Tabs: The Library: Preservationist Textual Criticism Restorationist Textual Criticism The Textual Issues: Pericope Adulterae - Links

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- [The Gospels and Acts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-textual-issues/the-gospels-and-acts/) - [vc_row][vc_column][vc_basic_grid post_type=”post” max_items=”-1″ style=”lazy” element_width=”3″ order=”ASC” grid_id=”vc_gid:1664108369769-4b911b4c-ec69-2″ taxonomies=”88″][/vc_column][/vc_row]
- [Latin Language](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/language-resources/latin-language/) - Make sure to review the Main Language Page The books to be used for this language are Familia Roman & Roma Aeterna from the Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata collection. This book should be purchased along with them: A Companion to Familia Romana. The following links contain pdfs with grammar, readings, etc. http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ll1/ http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/ll2/ http://www.thelatinlibrary.com
- [Greek Language](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/language-resources/greek-language/) - Please read the method and follow the links to the resources on the main language page here. MODERN GREEK First, go through the Language Transfer Greek Audio course. They even have an app now. There are 120 audios. You should have no issues completing 36 audios a week as they’re very short lessons. So once every
- [Language Resources](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/language-resources/) - Below is the method to be used with links to resources for using ANKI. Both the Ranieri-Dowling method and the use of Spaced Repetition Software like ANKI are necessary to lock the language into long term memory. METHOD This copied from the Ranieri-Downland Greek kit that you must buy. You could create it yourself, but
- [Greek & Latin Reading List](https://confessionalbibliology.com/greek-latin-reading-list/) - Greek Literature Aeschines: Against Ctesiphon 159–end Aeschylus: Oresteia, Persae Apollonius Rhodius: I 1153–1357, III 1–166, 609–824 Aristophanes: Acharnians, Birds, Clouds, Frogs Aristotle: Nicomachean Ethics I, Poetics Callimachus: Aitia frr. 1–2, 67–75, 110, Hymns 2 Demosthenes: Olynthiacs 1, On the Crown 199–end, Philippics 1 Dio Chrysostom: Euboicus Epigrams (numbered as in Page, Epigrammata Graeca, except where
- [James R. White:  Liar & Bearer of False Witness](https://confessionalbibliology.com/james-r-white-liar-bearer-of-false-witness/) - On this page we will highlight the history of James White's lies and bearing of false witness over the last 25+ years. This page will be filled out over the next few weeks. Theodore Letis James R. White falsely accused the late Dr. Letis of the following three things: being an anti-Trinitarian heretic being a
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- [Mark's Longer Ending](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-textual-issues/marks-longer-ending/) - Rev. Riddle's analysis and commentary on the longer ending of Mark and why it is Scripture. Word Magazine (6.25.11): MacArthur and Mark's Ending The Fitting End to Mark's Gospel Word Magazine # 33: Recent Mark Fragment Papyrus Discovery Mark in a mummy mask Word Magazine # 35: Can we preach the Ending of Mark? David
- [Annotations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-library/annotations/) - CONSISTENT WITH THE CONFESSIONAL VIEW OF SCRIPTURE From time to time in the various Facebook groups, people will ask for Commentaries and other resources that offer commentary upon Scripture from the Confessional View of Scripture. This page will include links to all of those. Check back as more are added. The Dutch Annotations of Scripture:
- [TBS - Doctrine of Scripture Part 1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/tbs-doctrine-of-scripture-part-1/) - The Doctrine of Scripture The Doctrine of Inspiration The Doctrine of Preservation The Doctrine of the Canon
- [TBS - Doctrine of Scripture Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/tbs-doctrine-of-scripture-part-2/) - The Need for Translations
- [TBS - Authorised Version](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/tbs-authorised-version/)
- [The Holy Scripture - Exposition of WCF Ch.1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/the-holy-scripture-exposition-of-wcf-ch-1-part-1/) - An Exposition of Chapter 1 of the Westminster Confession of Faith from a Confessional Viewpoint by Rev. John Greer
- [Jeff Riddle Textual Issues](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/jeff-riddle-textual-criticism-resources/jeff-riddle-textual-issues/) - In this section you will find Jeff Riddle's Word Magazines that don't really fit under the other sections. Word Magazine # 43: Definitions and the Confessional Text Word Magazine # 45: Is Acts 8:37 in the New Testament? Word Magazine # 46: Reeves on Erasmus Word Magazine # 47: Gilbert and "Silly Statements" on the
- [Jeff Riddle & the Ending of Mark](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/jeff-riddle-textual-criticism-resources/jeff-riddle-the-ending-of-mark/) - Rev. Riddle's analysis and commentary on the longer ending of Mark and why it is Scripture. Word Magazine (6.25.11): MacArthur and Mark's Ending The Fitting End to Mark's Gospel Word Magazine # 33: Recent Mark Fragment Papyrus Discovery Mark in a mummy mask Word Magazine # 35: Can we preach the Ending of Mark? David
- [Jeff Riddle & Dan Wallace](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/jeff-riddle-textual-criticism-resources/jeff-riddle-dan-wallace/) - Rev. Jeff Riddle's Analysis of Dr. Dan Wallace's paper parts 1 to 5 Inspiration, Preservation, and New Testament Textual Criticism
- [Jeff Riddle & James White](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/jeff-riddle-textual-criticism-resources/jeff-riddle-james-white/) - Rev. Jeff Riddle's interaction with Mr. James White over the Wretched Radio Youtube video. It includes an overview of the life of Dr. Bruce Metzger. The series is also interesting in showing the problem with Mr. White when confronted with his error. In this example his error is over 2 Peter 3:10, 1 John 5:7,
- [Text & Canon Conference](https://confessionalbibliology.com/text-canon-conference/) - Dr. Jeffrey Riddle's Lectures from the Text & Canon Conference along with the books he mentions
- [Restorationist Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-library/restorationist-textual-criticism/) - Restorationist Textual Criticism RTC is the view that the text of Scripture must be restored. This is a rejection of the Confessional view that the text of Scripture was kept pure in all ages. RTC breaks down into two categories: Critical Text Advocates Majority Text Advocates Critical Text advocates are known by their rejection of
- [Preservationist Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-library/preservationist-textual-criticism/) - Preservationist Textual Criticism PTC is the view that God's word has been kept pure in all ages by God's providential preservation. (WCF/2LBCF 1.8) It rejects Restorationist Textual Criticism and its rationalism along with its naturalistic methods. And it can be simply expressed as, only Scripture can attest to what is Scripture.
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- [The Doctrine of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/the-doctrine-of-scripture/) - TRINITARIAN BIBLE SOCIETY RESOURCES The Authorised Version The Doctrine of Scripture – Part 1 The Doctrine of Scripture – Part 2 Rev. John Greer’s Series on The Holy Scripture An Exposition of Chapter of the WCF Part 1 An Exposition of Chapter of the WCF Part 2
- [David Martin Refutes Unitarian Thomas Emlyn on 1 John 5:7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-textual-issues/the-comma-johanneum/david-martin-refutes-unitarian-thomas-emlyn-on-1-john-57/) - Below are the books, save one, to be added later, showing the dispute over 1 John 5:7 in the 18th century. David Martin demonstrates it is Scripture and that without it, there is no verse limiting the Godhead to three persons. The logical consequence being that there could be an unknown pantheon of gods in
- [The Comma Johanneum](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-textual-issues/the-comma-johanneum/) - The Comma Johanneum On this page you will find posts, websites, books, and other resources defending the authenticity of 1 John 5:7. 2005, 2022 1 John 5:7 Vindicated Serm1.Pt1 Gallery 1 John 5:7 Vindicated Serm1.Pt1 By Christopher Thomas|2022-05-20T13:56:02+00:00May 20th, 2022|Categories: Comma Johanneum, Confessional Textual View|Tags: Edmund Calalmy|1 Comment SERMON I. 1 JOHN. V. 7.
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- [START HERE](https://confessionalbibliology.com/start-here/) - How to Get the Most out of this Site If you're new to the textual issue surrounding the Greek New Testament, then you have probably faced information overload. This page is to help someone new to this issue or someone new to the Confessional Textual View get up to speed as quickly as possible. For
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- [Jeff Riddle & the CJ](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/jeff-riddle-textual-criticism-resources/jeff-riddle-the-cj/) - Jeff Riddle's Word Magazine on the Comma Johanneum WM # 54: WM # 54: The Comma Johanneum and the Papyri
- [Jeff Riddle & the Pericope](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/jeff-riddle-textual-criticism-resources/jeff-riddle-the-pericope/) - Jeff Riddle's Word Magazine on the Pericope of the Gospel of John WM # 31: WM #31: Review: John Piper on the PA: Part One WM # 32: WM #32: John Piper on the PA. Part 2: Can we preach from uninspired texts? WM # 53: WM # 53: Interview: James Snapp's Book on the
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- [Confessional Bibliology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/confessional-bibliology/) - Recommended Books The Inspiration of Scripture PPRD Vol 2: The Holy Scriptures Has the Bible Been Kept Pure? The KJV Defended New to the issues? START HERE TEXTUAL ISSUES THE REFORMED HUMANIST THE LIBRARY THE RESOURCES
- [Reformers on Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/reformers-on-scripture/) - The Reformers on Scripture On this page you will find the posts that contain the Doctrine of Scripture as taught by the Reformers. The post series are organized by name. You will find that contrary to the opinions of certain people, the Reformers did not hold to their texts simply because they had no others.
- [The Testing Page](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-testing-page/) - Must Read for November Must Read for November Recommended Books Recent Blog Posts 18080 Chris.Thomas2026-08-03T08:00:00+00:00 The Necessity of Holy Scripture Chris.Thomas2026-08-03T08:00:00+00:00August 3rd, 2026|0 Comments A sample article demonstrating the Confessional Bibliology Markdown importer. 18081 Chris.Thomas2026-07-17T00:46:01+00:00 Providence and the Preservation of the Text Chris.Thomas2026-07-17T00:46:01+00:00July 17th, 2026|0 Comments Providence and the Preservation of the Text This second
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- [The Classical Languages](https://confessionalbibliology.com/reformed-humanist/the-classical-languages/) - Resources for the Classical Languages On this page you will eventually find resources for the following classical languages: Latin Ancient Greek Hebrew Syriac Aramaic Arabic Coptic Along with resources for learning the following modern languages: French German Italian For now it is better to use the drop-down menu under this tab.
- [Introduction to Logic - Michael Genesereth](https://confessionalbibliology.com/reformed-humanist/critical-thinking/introduction-to-logic-michael-genesereth/) - Introduction to Logic by Michael Genesereth PDFs, Slides, Notes, & Exercises by Michael Genesereth for this course Introduction to Logic Coursera homepage with PDFs, Notes, Exercises Lesson 1: Introduction Lesson 2: Propositional Logic Lesson 3: Propositional Satisfiability Lesson 4: Propositional Proofs Lesson 5: Propositional Resolution Lesson 6: Relational Logic Lesson 7: Relational Logic Proofs Lesson
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- [Home - New](https://confessionalbibliology.com/home-new/) - Recent Blog Posts The Necessity of Holy Scripture Gallery The Necessity of Holy Scripture By Chris.Thomas|2026-08-03T08:00:00+00:00August 3rd, 2026|Categories: Westminster Confession Chapter 1|Tags: Revelation, Scripture, WCF 1.1| A sample article demonstrating the Confessional Bibliology Markdown importer. Read More 0 Providence and the Preservation of the Text By Chris.Thomas|2026-07-17T00:46:01+00:00July 17th, 2026|Categories: Doctrine of Providential Preservation, Providential Preservation|Tags:
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- [Home Pages Test](https://confessionalbibliology.com/home-pages-test/) - Confessional Bibliology Where you'll find posts, audios, videos, books (pdfs/epubs), and other resources that will help you understand the Confessional View of Scripture as it was originally intended. The Necessity of Holy Scripture Gallery The Necessity of Holy Scripture By Chris.Thomas|2026-08-03T08:00:00+00:00August 3rd, 2026|Categories: Westminster Confession Chapter 1|Tags: Revelation, Scripture, WCF 1.1| A sample article demonstrating
- [The Holy Scripture - Exposition of WCF Ch.1 Part 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-resources/the-holy-scripture-exposition-of-wcf-ch-1-part-2/) - Rev. John Greer’s Series on The Holy Scripture An Exposition of Chapter of the WCF Part 2
- [The Erasmus Conference 2016](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-erasmus-conference-2016/) - HBU Erasmus Conference 2016 Conference Schedule Thursday (February 25) Plenary Lecture 1: Timothy George "Erasmus and the Search for the Christian Life Friday (February 26) Plenary Lecture 2: Craig A. Evans "Erasmus and the Beginnings of Textual Fundamentalism” Session 1A (Dillon II) Gregory Barnhill and Natalie Webb – “Tolle Lege: Reader’s Aids and Nomina Sacra
- [The Erasmus Conference 2016](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-erasmus-conference-2016-2/) - HBU Erasmus Conference 2016 Conference Schedule Thursday (February 25) Plenary Lecture 1: Timothy George "Erasmus and the Search for the Christian Life Friday (February 26) Plenary Lecture 2: Craig A. Evans "Erasmus and the Beginnings of Textual Fundamentalism” Session 1A (Dillon II) Gregory Barnhill and Natalie Webb – “Tolle Lege: Reader’s Aids and Nomina Sacra
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- [Critical Thinking](https://confessionalbibliology.com/reformed-humanist/critical-thinking/) - Critical Thinking Courses & Resources Lectures On Introduction to Logic by Professor Rick Grush, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, San Diego Introduction to Logic by Michael Genesereth - Stanford https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbMVogVj5nJS1F-yeDwn16nsuYrpSYzaO Critical Reasoning for Beginners by Oxford University
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- [Learning Latin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/reformed-humanist/learning-latin/) - Resources for the Latin Language On this page you fill find free resources, though it is better to have the books, for learning the Latin Language from perhaps the best course created for this purpose: Hans H. Ørberg’s Lingua Latina Per Se Illustrata. This course is broken into two primary books. You will also find
- [Reformed Humanist](https://confessionalbibliology.com/reformed-humanist/) - 15711 Christopher Thomas2021-04-30T23:29:28+00:00 Learning Greek & Latin Christopher Thomas2021-04-30T23:29:28+00:00April 30th, 2021|0 Comments Pastor Pooyan Mehrshahi asked me to put together a post with resources to help seminary students learn Greek. So here is what I used and am using. When it comes to learning Greek, one needs 15284 Chris.Thomas2020-06-03T22:32:40+00:00 Why New Testament Textual Criticism Can
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- [The Pericope Adulterae](https://confessionalbibliology.com/the-textual-issues/the-pericope-adulterae/) - Pericope de Adulterae Word Magazine # 29: James White, Luke 23:34, the PA as a “Floating Tradition,” and Muslim Apologetics 2 part series of Rev. Riddle’s analysis and commentary on John Piper’s claim that the Pericope de Adultera is not scripture and why John Piper is wrong Word Magazine # 31: Review: John Piper on
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## Forums

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## Books

- [Beyond What Is Written](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/beyond-what-is-written/) - "Beyond What is Written" examines Erasmus' and Beza's multiple editions of the New Testament and the vast body of annotations which accompany these editions. This study provides a new understanding of the many conjectures on the New Testament text proposed by these two renowned scholars as part of their New Testament projects. As a consequence, it not only elucidates their different approaches to New Testament textual criticism, but also clarifies the nature and role of conjectural emendation in sixteenth-century scholarship. As a piece of historical research, this investigation into conjectures in the work of Erasmus and Beza also contributes to the ongoing debate on the nature and task of textual criticism today. The study is an important publication for textual critics and exegetes of the New Testament, as well as for historians of the Renaissance and the Reformation.
- [Erasmus' 1516 Greek New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/erasmus-1516-greek-new-testament/)
- [Colines 1534 Greek New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/colines-1534-greek-new-testament/) - This is the Greek New Testament that Calvin used in the beginning of his commentaries. This text has more in common with the current Critical Text than it does with the Textus Receptus. However, Calvin later switched to the Textus Receptus. You can listen more about this here: John Calvin & Textual Criticism by Dr. Jeffrey Riddle https://confessionalbibliology.com/PDFs/Colines%201534%20Greek%20NT.pdf
- [Studies in the Textual Criticism of the New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/studies-in-the-textual-criticism-of-the-new-testament/)
- [An Introduction to the NT Manuscripts and Their Texts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/an-introduction-to-the-nt-manuscripts-and-their-texts/)
- [Textual Scholarship and the Making of the New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/textual-scholarship-and-the-making-of-the-new-testament/) - The book is going through its biggest revolution since Gutenberg. Thanks to computer tools and electronic publication, the concept and realisation of critical editions are being rethought. As so often in the history of scholarship, editors of the New Testament are making a vital contribution to these changes. In this book, originally the Lyell Lectures in Bibliography at Oxford, David C. Parker explores textual scholarship, in particular the idea of the edition. He argues that textual scholarship has had an important influence on the meaning given to the term 'New Testament'. Starting with the observation that a text is a process, not an object, he proposes a new way of understanding the relationship between manuscripts, the texts which manuscripts contain and the work they represent as the basis for critical scholarship. This leads him to challenge the idea of a 'Greek New Testament manuscript', and thus to reconsider the nature of the New Testament as a collection of works and the nature and purpose of critical editions. By studying new tools for studying how manuscripts are related to each other, he shows how the modern digital edition of the New Testament has overcome the impasses created by the failure of Lachmannian stemmatics to deal with the problem of contamination. Exploring the emergence of the critical edition in modern scholarship, Parker discusses the ways in which a digital edition advances scholarship and gives the reader more opportunities both to scrutinise the quality of the edition and to access the raw data on which it is based. The whole book uses New Testament research as a paradigm of wider changes in textual scholarship.
- [The Plain Mans Senses Exercised](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-plain-mans-senses-exercised/) - to Discern Both Good and Evil, Or, A Discovery of the Errors, Heresies, and Blasphemies of These Times And the Toleration of Them, as They are Collected and Testified Against by the Ministers of London, in Their Testimony to the Truth of Jesus Christ By William Lyford · 1655
- [The Jesuit Conspiracy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-jesuit-conspiracy/) - The secret plan of the order
- [Ὁδηγος Τυφλος, the Blind Guide, or the Doting Doctor](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/ὁδηγος-τυφλος-the-blind-guide-or-the-doting-doctor/) - composed by way of reply to a late tediously trifling pamphlet, entituled; The Youngling Elder, etc., written by J. Goodwin, etc William JENKYNJan 1648
- [The Early Text of the New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-early-text-of-the-new-testament/) - The Early Text of the New Testament aims to examine and assess from our earliest extant sources the most primitive state of the New Testament text now known. What sort of changes did scribes make to the text? What is the quality of the text now at our disposal? What can we learn about the nature of textual transmission in the earliest centuries? In addition to exploring the textual and scribal culture of early Christianity, this volume explores the textual evidence for all the sections of the New Testament. It also examines the evidence from the earliest translations of New Testament writings and the citations or allusions to New Testament texts in other early Christian writers.
- [Translating for King James](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/translating-for-king-james/)
- [Literary Forgeries](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/literary-forgeries/)
- [Canon of Holy Scripture in Two Parts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-canon-of-holy-scripture-both-parts/)
- [The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-orthodox-corruption-of-scripture/) - Victors not only write history: they also reproduce the texts. Bart Ehrman explores the close relationship between the social history of early Christianity and the textual tradition of the emerging New Testament, examining how early struggles between Christian "heresy" and "orthodoxy" affected the transmission of the documents over which many of the debates were waged. He makes a crucial contribution to our understanding of the social and intellectual history of early Christianity and raises intriguing questions about the relationship of readers to their texts, especially in an age when scribes could transform the documents they reproduced. This edition includes a new afterword surveying research in biblical interpretation over the past twenty years.
- [Myths and Mistakes in New Testament Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/myths-and-mistakes-in-new-testament-textual-criticism/) - A renewed interest in textual criticism has created an unfortunate proliferation of myths, mistakes, and misinformation about this technical area of biblical studies. Elijah Hixson and Peter Gurry, along with a team of New Testament textual critics, offer up-to-date, accurate information on the history and current state of the New Testament text that will serve apologists and offer a self-corrective to evangelical excesses. Since the unexpected popularity of Bart Ehrman's bestselling Misquoting Jesus, textual criticism has become a staple of Christian apologetics. Ehrman's skepticism about recovering the original text of the New Testament does deserve a response. However, this renewed apologetic interest in textual criticism has created fresh problems for evangelicals. An unfortunate proliferation of myths, mistakes, and misinformation has arisen about this technical area of biblical studies. In this volume Elijah Hixson and Peter Gurry, along with a team of New Testament textual critics, offer up-to-date, accurate information on the history and current state of the New Testament text that will serve apologists and Christian students even as it offers a self-corrective to evangelical excesses.
- [Concerning the Principium of Theology, or Holy Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/concerning-the-principium-of-theology-or-holy-scripture/) - Bernardinus de Moor’s Didactico-Elenctic Theology That is, his Continuous Commentary on Johannes Marckius’ Didactico-Elenctic Compendium of Christian Theology Volume 2: Concerning the Principium of Theology, or Holy Scripture
- [The Translators Revived](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-translators-revived/) - Translators Revived was printed in the 1858, some 23 years before Westcott and Hort finished their work on the revision of the King James Version of the Bible. What Alexander McClure feared most did happen, and their tampering with the text has created a long series of so-called bibles that are not, by any stretch of the imagination, God's Word. Reading this book will settle the controversy once and for all time if the contents are noted and received as on of the best available defenses against modern versions. R. E. Rhoades researched his material well and will give the reader a fairly good history of how our venerable old Bible began to take shape and was completed at the time when the English language was at its very best. https://www.heritagebooks.org/products/the-translators-revived-mcclure.html
- [The Pericope Adulterae, the Gospel of John, and the Literacy of Jesus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-pericope-adulterae-the-gospel-of-john-and-the-literacy-of-jesus/) - Although consistently overlooked or dismissed, John 8.6, 8 in the Pericope Adulterae is the only place in canonical or non-canonical Jesus tradition that portrays Jesus as writing. After establishing that John 8.6, 8 is indeed a claim that Jesus could write, this book offers a new interpretation and transmission history of the Pericope Adulterae. Not only did the pericope's interpolator place the story in John's Gospel in order to highlight the claim that Jesus could write, but he did so at John 7.53-8.11 as a result of carefully reading the Johannine narrative. The final chapter of the book proposes a plausible socio-historical context for the insertion of the story.
- [Church History: An Introduction to Research Methods & Resources](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/church-history-an-introduction-to-research-methods-resources/) - In their acclaimed, much-used Church History, James Bradley and Richard Muller lay out guidelines, methods, and basic reference tools for research and writing in the fields of church history and historical theology. Over the years, this book has helped countless students define their topics, locate relevant source materials, and write quality papers. This revised, expanded, and updated second edition includes discussion of Internet-based research, digitized texts, and the electronic forms of research tools. The greatly enlarged bibliography of study aids now includes many significant new resources that have become available since the first edition’s publication in 1995. Accessible and clear, this introduction will continue to benefit both students and experienced scholars in the field.
- [The Story of the New Testament Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-story-of-the-new-testament-text/) - This volume tells the story of the New Testament text from the earliest copies to the latest scholarly editions in Greek. Using a cross-sectional approach, the author introduces those who have developed the discipline of New Testament textual criticism (the movers); the ancient sources for recovering the text (the materials); the aims that drove them (the motives); the criteria and techniques (methods); and the books and other examples of best practices (the models) of New Testament textual criticism. Written primarily for seminary students, the book will also interest clergy and graduate students in biblical studies, theology, church history, and religion.
- [The New Testament Canon: Its Making and Meaning](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-new-testament-canon-its-making-and-meaning/)
- [The Living Text of the Gospels](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-living-text-of-the-gospels/) - This book represents an important new departure in New Testament textual criticism. David Parker offers, for the first time, a different way of reading the Gospels that treats seriously the fact that they first existed as manuscripts. Through an analysis of different forms of a number of key passages, he demonstrates that the Gospels cannot be properly understood as texts without taking into consideration their physical existence as manuscripts, printed books and electronic text. In conclusion, he argues that the search for an original text of the Gospels is a misunderstanding of the way in which the early church passed down its traditions.
- [The Byzantine Text-Type and New Testament Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-byzantine-text-type-and-new-testament-textual-criticism/)
- [Orthodoxy & Heresy in Early Christianity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/orthodoxy-heresy-in-early-christianity/) - Walter Bauer's Orthodoxy & Heresy has established itself as a classic refutation of the "myth" that "in the beginning" orthodoxy was there first & heresy was a deviation from the norm. Whatever one thinks of the thesis, one cannot bypass Bauer on early heresy any more that one can bypass Bultmann on Form Criticism or Harnack on the development of dogma. Today, it remains a good introduction to Christianity at the end of the 1st century & the beginning of the 2nd century.--Gerald Christianson, Church History, Gettysburg Lutheran Seminary This brilliant & pioneering monograph inaugurated a new era of scholarship in the study of the New Testament & Christian origins, especially in America. It argued that early Christianity did not begin with a unified orthodox belief, from which heresies broke off at a later time. Rather, Bauer demonstrated that diversity stood at the beginning, while an orthodox church emerged only after long controversies during the early centuries. During recent decades, the investigation of newly discovered texts, such as the Gnostic Library of Nag Hammadi in Egypt, have fully confirmed Bauer's insights. There may be numerous details, which scholars today would see differently than Walter Bauer, whose word was 1st published in Germany 60 years ago. Nevertheless, Bauer's book has remained the foundation for all modern scholarship in this field, & it's must-reading for all who want to explore early Christian Communities. It's still challenging, fresh, fascinating & thought-provoking--without any question one of the truly great masterpieces of New Testament scholarship.--Helmut Koester, New Testament Studies & Ancient Church History, Harvard Divinity School
- [Fundamentals of New Testament Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/fundamentals-of-new-testament-textual-criticism/) - Fills the need for a truly mid-level, quality textbook on New Testament textual criticism Presenting all the essential, foundational elements necessary to grasp textual criticism of the New Testament, Stanley Porter and Andrew Pitts accurately define the subject of textual criticism, discuss the canon and manuscripts of the New Testament, outline methodological principles, and more, concluding with a chapter on New Testament translations and how to evaluate them. Part of a coordinated Greek study curriculum, this volume is designed to function as a companion to Fundamentals of New Testament Greek and its accompanying workbook (Eerdmans, 2010); an intermediate grammar of New Testament Greek is forthcoming.
- [Editing the Bible: Assessing the Task Past and Present](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/editing-the-bible-assessing-the-task-past-and-present/) - The Bible is likely the most-edited book in history, yet the task of editing the Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts of the Bible is fraught with difficulties. The dearth of Hebrew manuscripts of the Jewish Scriptures and the substantial differences among those witnesses creates difficulties in determining which text ought to be printed as the text of the Jewish Scriptures. For the New Testament, it is not the dearth of manuscripts but the overwhelming number of manuscripts almost six thousand Greek manuscripts and many more in other languages that presents challenges for sorting and analyzing such a large, multi-variant data set. This volume, representing experts in the editing of the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, discusses both current achievements and future challenges in creating modern editions of the biblical texts in their original languages. The contributors are Kristin De Troyer, Peter M. Head, Michael W. Holmes, John S. Kloppenborg, Sarianna Metso, Judith H. Newman, Holger Strutwolf, Eibert Tigchelaar, David Trobisch, Eugene Ulrich, John Van Seters, Klaus Wachtel, and Ryan Wettlaufer.
- [Can We Trust the Gospels?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/can-we-trust-the-gospels/) - Is there evidence to believe the Gospels? The Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, John—are four accounts of Jesus’s life and teachings while on earth. But should we accept them as historically accurate? What evidence is there that the recorded events actually happened? Presenting a case for the historical reliability of the Gospels, New Testament scholar Peter Williams examines evidence from non-Christian sources, assesses how accurately the four biblical accounts reflect the cultural context of their day, compares different accounts of the same events, and looks at how these texts were handed down throughout the centuries. Everyone from the skeptic to the scholar will find powerful arguments in favor of trusting the Gospels as trustworthy accounts of Jesus’s earthly life.
- [A New Approach to Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-new-approach-to-textual-criticism/) - With the publication of the widely used 28th edition of Nestle-Aland's Novum Testamentum Graece and the 5th edition of the United Bible Society Greek New Testament, a computer-assisted method known as the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM) was used for the first time to determine the most valuable witnesses and establish the initial text. This book offers the first full-length, student-friendly introduction to this important new method. After setting out the method's history, separate chapters clarify its key concepts, including genealogical coherence, textual flow diagrams, and the global stemma. Examples from across the New Testament are used to show how the method works in practice. The result is an essential introduction that will be of interest to students, translators, commentators, and anyone else who studies the Greek New Testament.
- [Books & Readers in the Early Church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/books-and-readers-in-the-early-church/) - This fascinating and lively book provides the first comprehensive discussion of the production, circulation, and use of books in early Christianity. It explores the extent of literacy in early Christian communities; the relation in the early church between oral tradition and written materials; the physical form of early Christian books; how books were produced, transcribed, published, duplicated, and disseminated; how Christian libraries were formed; who read the books, in what circumstances, and to what purposes. "In this extremely well-written and thoroughly researched work, Gamble asks to what extent the early church used books, how were they produced, and for what audiences? ... An enormously instructive and provocative work on an original topic. I recommend it highly to anyone with an interest in Christian history and a taste for future-oriented speculation". -- Commonweal "His study merits careful reading and continuing use because of its valuable collections, insightful comments, and thoroughness. In essence he has provided a 'companion to early Christian literature' which should be required reading". -- Robert M. Grant, Catholic Historical Review
- [A Critical Examination of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method in New Testament Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-critical-examination-of-the-coherence-based-genealogical-method-in-new-testament-textual-criticism/) - This study offers the first sustained examination of the Coherence-Based Genealogical Method (CBGM), a computerized method being used to edit the most widely-used editions of the Greek New Testament.
- [Critical History of the Old Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/critical-history-of-the-old-testament/) - This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1682 Excerpt: ... so little the Hebrew Tongue, we may easily find out the reason of this Variation, for as much as the fame word which signifies Non, signifies also IUi. It is true, it ought to be differently writ, to make these two different fences; but the Transcribers not exactly observing this difference in writing, have often confounded these two words so that we ought rather to observe the sencej than how this word is writ. St. Jerom has also in his Commentaries upon the Scripture observ'd sometimes this confusion, and the Maflbret has also made 2 Catalogue of the places where Lo, the word in question, ought to be translated Non, and where ItH, without taking noticeof the manner how it's writ. But as the Majsoret Catalogues are not infallible we ought only to follow its Rules in general, and apply them according as necessity requires. Thirdly, The Septuagint and St. Jerom have translated Vivet, whereas according to the present Hebrew we ought to read Vivificavit but this can only be aferib'd to the various Pointings, which have been added to the Hebrew Text. Heretofore was read Haia, whereas we at present read Hiia. In Verse 30. of the same P/j/. 22. where the Septuagint have Psal.22.50 translated, Kuci ri omeyat p, Et Semen meum, we ought according to the present Hebrew to translate simply Semen, with which St. Jerom's Translation agrees. It is probable that the Septuagint read in their Hebrew Copy, Zarei, My Seed, whereas we read at present,Zira, Seed, by leaving out a "fed. The Jetvijh Transcribers might take out this Jod, because there were two of them in the Hebrew word. The Greek Transcribers might likewise add, f? wew to make the fence more clear. Lastly, In the same Verse 30. where the Septuagint have, ytnitf m»t Generatio fututa, we ought according
- [Misquoting Jesus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/misquoting-jesus/) - For almost 1,500 years, the New Testament manuscripts were copied by hand––and mistakes and intentional changes abound in the competing manuscript versions. Religious and biblical scholar Bart Ehrman makes the provocative case that many of our widely held beliefs concerning the divinity of Jesus, the Trinity, and the divine origins of the Bible itself are the results of both intentional and accidental alterations by scribes. In this compelling and fascinating book, Ehrman shows where and why changes were made in our earliest surviving manuscripts, explaining for the first time how the many variations of our cherished biblical stories came to be, and why only certain versions of the stories qualify for publication in the Bibles we read today. Ehrman frames his account with personal reflections on how his study of the Greek manuscripts made him abandon his once ultra–conservative views of the Bible.
- [Handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/handbook-to-the-textual-criticism-of-the-new-testament/) - This historic book may have numerous typos and missing text. Purchasers can usually download a free scanned copy of the original book (without typos) from the publisher. Not indexed. Not illustrated. 1901 edition. Excerpt: ... CHAPTER IV THE MINUSCULE MANUSCRIPTS [Authorities: Gregory, opp. ciit.; Scrivener-Miller, op. til.; Westcott and Hort, op. tit.; Nestle, op. tit. ] The uncial period of vellum manuscripts, as will have been seen from the foregoing chapter, extends from the fourth century to the tenth; but for the last two centuries of its course it overlaps with another style of writing, which was destined to supersede it. As the demand for books increased, the uncial method, with its large characters, each separately formed, became too cumbrous. A style of writing was needed which should occupy less space and consume less time in its production. For everyday purposes such a style had existed as far back as we have any extant remains of Greek writing, and (as we have seen in Chapter II.) it had not infrequently been employed in the transcription of literary works; but it never had become the professional hand of literature, and books intended for sale or for preservation in a library were always written in the regular uncial hand. In the ninth century, however, the demand for a smaller and more manageable literary hand was met by the introduction of a modified form of the running hand of everyday use. The evolution cannot now be traced in all its details, since the extant specimens of non-literary hands (on papyrus) do not come down much later than the seventh century; but in these we can see all the elements of the hand which was taken into literary use in the ninth century, and which is commonly called "minuscule," as opposed to the majuscule (uncial or capital) hands of the earlier period. In the true minuscule hand, not only is the writing considerably smaller than the average uncial, but the forms of the letters are different...
- [JCR Vol. 12 No. 02: Symposium on the Biblical Text and Literature](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/jcr-vol-12-no-02-symposium-on-the-biblical-text-and-literature/) - The symposium contained in this journal is about faithfulness.It is about the preservation of original, infallible truth as handed down through generations in the words and texts of the human language. This book contains Dr. Theodore Letis’ Edward F. Hills’ Revival of the Ecclesiastical Text. It can be read at Scribd or bought here: https://chalcedon.edu/store/40073-jcr-vol-12-no-2-symposium-on-the-biblical-text-and-literature
- [The Identity of the New Testament Text IV](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-identity-of-the-new-testament-text-iv/) - Available as a paperback for $15 and as a Kindle book for .99 There are over 5,000 known Greek manuscripts of the New Testament, over half of which are continuous text copies, the rest being lectionaries. They range in size from a scrap with parts of two verses to complete New Testaments. They range in date from the second century to the sixteenth. They come from all over the Mediterranean world. They contain several hundred thousand variant readings (differences in the text). The vast majority of these are misspellings or other obvious errors due to carelessness or ignorance on the part of the copyists—such are not proper variant readings and may be ignored. However, many thousands of variants remain which need to be evaluated as we seek to identify the precise original wording of the Text. How best to go about such a project? This book seeks to provide an answer.
- [The Revised Version of the 1st Three Gospels](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-revised-version-of-the-1st-three-gospels/) - 1. In considering the points which are discussed in the Conditions of following pages, I would ask the reader to keep before his mind the conditions under which the consent of the Southern Convocation was given to the work of Revision. The first proposal was made by the late Bishop of Winchester (Dr. S. Wilberforce), and seconded by the present Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, on the 10th of February, 1870. It was accepted by the Upper House of Convocation, and passed, the same day, in the following terms : "That a Committee of both Houses be appointed to report on the desirableness of a Revision of the Authorized Version of the Old and New Testaments, whether by mar ginal notes or otherwise, in those passages where plain and clear errors, whether in the Hebrew or Greek text originally adopted by the translators, or in the translations made from the same, shall on due investigation be found to exist."
- [Three Modern Versions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/three-modern-versions/) - No one can deny that we live in the midst of a propaganda war. Publishing houses aggressively promote their Bible translations to persuade the Christian reader that a given version is best. Amidst the competing claims, few stop to ask whether something is seriously wrong here. The message bombarding us continually is that modern Bible versions are a good thing, and that the authorised Version is outdated and outmoded. “Which Bible translation is the most reliable today?” is not a question Christians tend to ask today. after all surely it is all the same whether we stick to the Authorised Version, or use its updated cousin the New King James Version, or a more modern one like the New International Version. Or, be right up to date and go over to the English Standard Version. In this book, Alan Macgregor argues that we must look again at this question. Far from providing increased access to God’s Word, the three Bible versions mentioned above represent a departure from fundamental principles to do with the Bible itself. Why is this? Why does it matter? Why should we keep the Authorised Version? Reading this book will give you straightforward and convincing answers. (J.P. Thackaway)
- [God's Secretaries:  The Making of the King James Bibl](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/gods-secretaries-the-making-of-the-king-james-bibl/) - A network of complex currents flowed across Jacobean England. This was the England of Shakespeare, Jonson, and Bacon; the era of the Gunpowder Plot and the worst outbreak of the plague. Jacobean England was both more godly and less godly than the country had ever been, and the entire culture was drawn taut between these polarities. This was the world that created the King James Bible. It is the greatest work of English prose ever written, and it is no coincidence that the translation was made at the moment "Englishness," specifically the English language itself, had come into its first passionate maturity. The English of Jacobean England has a more encompassing idea of its own scope than any form of the language before or since. It drips with potency and sensitivity. The age, with all its conflicts, explains the book. Watch this presentation by the author:
- [English Bible Translations:  By What Standard?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/english-bible-translations-by-what-standard/) - A Presuppositional defense for the authentic texts. A little over a century ago, the question of which is the best and most trustworthy English version of Holy Scripture did not even enter into the mind of the English speaking Christian. At that time, there really was only one version in use, the Authorized (King James) Version. The Authorized Version had long since displaced the earlier English versions and was the recognized standard English Bible used and loved by nearly every English-speaking Christian in the world. The Authorized Version reigned unchallenged as the approved English version for nearly 300 years. During that period of time, the English-speaking church had many perplexing problems to consider, but one problem they did not have to deal with was the issue of which English version was the best and most faithful translation of Holy Scripture. Nor did the individual English speaking believer have to wrestle with the decision of what version he should use. How things have changed! Today the English-speaking church is confronted with a plethora of versions with each claiming to be a “faithful” and “accurate” translation that makes the Word of God more “understandable” than previous versions. On top of this, a new translation seems to appear on the market every few years! For the thoughtful Christian, the situation regarding English Bible versions is troubling and perplexing. Further complicating the problem is the lack of clear guidance on the issue. There are many opinions on the subject, but very little scriptural analysis of the topic of Bible translation and of English versions. The purpose of this book is to help fill this void by 1) setting forth the biblical doctrines that speak most directly to the issue of Bible translation and by 2) applying these doctrines to the subjects of translation philosophy, textual criticism, and English versions. By doing this, we hope to awaken the church to the theological issues that are at stake in the translation of the Bible into English and to provide the church with a biblical criterion for judging between the many English versions. Armed with the unchanging standard of God’s Word, the Christian will then be able to determine which English version is the best and most faithful representation of the Word of God in English.
- [Confutation of the Rhemist Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/confutation-of-the-rhemist-testament/) - By Early Puritan Thomas Cartwright. Wherein he deals with the Roman Catholic Rhemish Translation and lays the foundation for the Doctrine of Scripture which came to be expressed in the Westminster and 2nd London Baptist Confessions of Faith.
- [The Answer to the preface of the Rhemish Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-answer-to-the-preface-of-the-rhemish-testament/) - Συν θεῳ ἐν χριστῳ. The Answere to the preface of the Rhemish Testament By Thomas Cartwright · 1602
- [Encouragements to a Reformation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/encouragements-to-a-reformation/) - The difficulty of and the encouragements to a reformation a sermon preached before the honourable House of Commons at the publick fast, Septem. 27, 1643 by Mr. Anthony Burges
- [Hebrew and Talmudical Exercitations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/hebrew-and-talmudical-exercitations/) - Hebrew and Talmudical exercitations upon the Gospels, the Acts, some chapters of St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans, and the First Epistle to the Corinthians
- [Thou Shalt Keep Them](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/thou-shalt-keep-them/) - This book is a Biblical theology of the doctrine of the Preservation of Scripture. The issue of the English Bible controversy is usually discussed with a mere handful of Bible verses and a lot more "scholastic" input from men. This book soundly delineates Scriptural reasons for holding to the Masoretic (O.T.) and Received (N.T.) text representing the King James Version from a perspective of faith. It is a true gem of a book because each writer exposits actual Bible verses that bear upon the God's promise to preserve His words. Another strength is that this book is essentially the work of a group of pastors or men who have served or is serving as pastoral staff. While many in the world today look to scholars (especially Bible critics) for answers, God's man is neglected or religated to the Sunday service as a mere homiletical cheerleader. But these men are not so, they truly are powerful theological heralds of the gospel. They love the Lord, His word and His people. They challenge "would be fundamentalists," established Bible critics, conservative Evangelicals, and even neo-Orthodox teachers to examine what the Bible actually says about it's own inspiration, preservation, and canonization. This book is certainly one of the finest books in defense of the KJV/MT/TR position. Contents: Acknowledgments Contents Definitions and Abbreviations Hebrew/Greek Transliteration Key Preface Introduction SECTION ONE: Passages on Divine Preservation Chapter 1 - The Permanent Preservation of God's Words, Ps. 12:6,7 (Dr. Tom Strouse) Chapter 2 - Every Word, Matthew 4:4 (Strouse) Chapter 3 - Not One Jot or One Tittle, Matt. 5:17,18 (Pastor Gary Webb) Chapter 4 - The Lord Jesus Christ and the Received Bible, Jn. 17:8 (Strouse) Chapter 5 - My Words Shall Not Pass Away, Matt. 24:35 (Pastor Kent Brandenburg) Chapter 6 - Inspiration Implies Preservation (Pastor Charles Nichols) Chapter 7 - God's Promise of Preservation as Seen in 1 Peter 1:23-25 (Dr. Gary La More) Chapter 8 - The Perfect Passive: "It is Written" (Pastor David Sutton) SECTION TWO: Passages on Availability Chapter 9 - It Is Not Hidden, Neither Is It Afar Off, Deut. 30:11-14 (Brandenburg) Chapter 10 - Be Mindful of the Words, 2 Peter 3:2 and Jude 17 (La More) SECTION THREE: God's Method of Preservation Chapter 11 - Israel, the Means of Preservation in the Old Testament: Natsar and Shamar (Brandenburg) Chapter 12 - Ekklasia: The Congregation of the Lord in the New Testament Tareo (Strouse) Chapter 13 - The Church's Part in Biblical Preservation, 1 Tim. 3:15 (Nichols) Chapter 14 - Stewards of the Mysteries of God, 1 Cor. 4:1,2 (La More) SECTION FOUR: Passages on the Reality of Textual Attack Chapter 15 - First Century Textual Attack, 2 Pet. 3:15-17 and 2 Thess. 2:2 (Brandenburg) SECTION FIVE: The Standard of Perfection: Several Passages as Examples of Doctrines Changed and/or Perverted by Textual Alterations Chapter 16 - Pure Words of God: Passages Which Manifest the Standard of Perfect Purity for the Bible (Dr. Tom Corkish) Chapter 17 - Old Testament Passages as Examples of Doctrines Changed by Textual Alterations (Corkish) Chapter 18 - New Testament Passages as Examples of Doctrines Changed by Textual Alterations (Webb and Sutton) SECTION SIX: Other Pertinent Exegesis for Every Word Preservation Chapter 19 - Test of Canonicity as Applied to Words (Brandenburg) SECTION SEVEN: The Doctrine of Preservation As It Relates to the Doctrine of Separation Chapter 20 - Separation over the Veritable Words of God: 1 and 2 Tim. with special attention given to 2 Tim. 2:11-26 (Corkish) Chapter 21 - Who is a Heretic over the Preservation of Scripture? (Brandenburg) ADDENDA Addendum A - God's Providential Preservation of Scriptures (La More) Addendum B - The Translation Model Predicted by Scripture (Strouse) Addendum C - The Superiority of the Fideistic Approach to Preservation of Scripture (Brandenburg) SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Critical Text Books Articles
- [The Church & The Bible](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-church-the-bible/) - by John Owen Despite his other achievements, Owen is best famed for his writings. These cover the range of doctrinal, ecclesiastical and practical subjects. They are characterized by profundity, thoroughness and, consequently, authority. Andrew Thomson said that Owen ‘makes you feel when he has reached the end of his subject, that he has also exhausted it.’ Although many of his works were called forth by the particular needs of his own day they all have a uniform quality of timelessness. Owen’s works were republished in full in the nineteenth century. Owen is surely the Prince of the Puritans. ‘To master his works’, says Spurgeon, ‘is to be a profound theologian.’
- [The Original Ending of Mark](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-original-ending-of-mark/)
- [An Exact Transcript of Codex Augiensis by Scrivener](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/an-exact-transcript-of-codex-augiensis-by-scrivener/) - TO WHICH IS ADDED A FULL COLLATION OF FIFTY MANUSCRIPTS CONTAINING VARIOUS PORTIONS OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT IN THE LIBRARIES OF CAMBRIDGE, PARHAM, LEICESTER, OXFORD, LAMBETH, THE BRITISH MUSEUM, &c. WITH A CRITICAL INTRODUCTION BY THE REV. FREDERICK HENRY SCRIVENER, M.A.
- [Early Manuscripts, Church Fathers, & the Authorized Version](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/early-manuscripts-church-fathers-the-authorized-version/) - This volume places before the reader an entire range of evidence, and demonstrates how the early manuscripts, versions, and fathers bear witness to the doctrinal heart of the Authorized Version.
- [In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/in-defense-of-the-authenticity-of-1-john-57-2/) - In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7 sheds a strong light on the issues radiating from one controversial verse in one of Johns three New Testament letters. Some manuscripts refer to a phrase called the Johannine Commacentering on the Father, the Word, and the Holy Spiritwhile others do not. Chris Pappas, a seasoned pastor steeped in Greek culture, sifts through the scholarly evidence from hundreds of surviving copies of the Greek-language letters. He surveys and analyzes the arguments from biblical scholars who support and who oppose the Commas inclusion. Finally, he presents the reasons for regarding the Comma as a true part of the Word of God in Scripture and for returning it to Johns letter. Embarking on a survey of the manuscripts, their condition, their roles in the churchs theology, and their place in doctrinal controversies, In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7 makes a thorough and intricate study of the passage. The journey is somewhat demanding, but the reward for persistence is a deeper appreciation for the meaning for wordsthese few words in particular.
- [Richard Capel's Remains](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/richard-capels-remains/)
- [A Treatise of Divinity by Edward Leigh](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-treatise-of-divinity-by-edward-leigh/) - A treatise of divinity consisting of three bookes : The first of which handling the Scripture or Word of God, treateth of its divine authority, the canonicall bookes, the authenticall edition, and severall versions, the end, properties, and interpretation of Scripture : The second handling God sheweth that there is a God, and what he is, in his essence and several attributes, and likewise the distinction of persons in the divine essence : The third handleth the three principall works of God, decree, creation and providence / by Edward Leigh ... (Leigh, Edward, 1602-1671.)
- [The Canon of Holy Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-canon-of-holy-scripture/) - The Canon of Holy Scriptures Examined in the Light of History. Louis Gaussen's follow up work to Theopneusty.
- [A Scholastical History of the Canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-scholastical-history-of-the-canon-2/) - John Cosin (1595-1692) A scholastical history of the canon of the Holy Scripture: or, The certain and indubitate books thereof as they are received in the Church of England (London : E. Tyler and R. Holt for R. Pawlett, 1672)
- [Truth's Victory Over Error](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/truths-victory-over-error/) - Not just a history book, these lectures, delivered soon after the Westminster confession was written in 1647, reveal the issues of that day with relevant application to today's errors, because many of the errors refuted within its pages have surfaced again in the 21st century. Christians today can learn a great deal from the faithful witness of former generations who experienced 'truth's victory over error.'
- [Ussher's Body of Divinity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/usshers-body-of-divinity/) - "Archbishop James Ussher (1581-1656) was a leader par excellence among the Irish Puritans. His colorful history is inseparable from that of Irish Christianity and from major events transpiring simultaneously in England and Scotland. Ussher's range of achievements are outstanding, including ancient languages, patristics, ancient and Irish history, theology, and chronology. Though he is best known for his biblical chronology, I believe that his Body of Divinity is his most valuable legacy. This volume, long overdue to be reprinted, was once regarded as a classic in the field of Reformed systematic theology and deserves to be so regarded again. Here is pristine Irish Puritan theology, presented to us in a captivating question and answer format." --Joel R. Beeke, Puritan Reformed Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, Michigan
- [The Authenticity & Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-authenticity-inspiration-of-the-holy-scriptures/) - The Canon and Inspiration of the Holy Scriptures are subjects of the highest importance to every Christian. If one book of the Canon is given up, how shall any other be retained on the authority of that Canon? If God is not the Author of them, in the fullest and most complete sense of that term, we cannot receive them as the Word of God. The Scriptures plainly assert their inspiration. Robert Haldane (1764-1842) establishes that our reverence for the Bible depends on our full conviction of the plenary inspiration of the words and matter contained therein.
- [Diodati's Pious Annotations On The Holy Bible](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/diodatis-pious-annotations-on-the-holy-bible/) - Pious annotations, upon the Holy Bible expounding the difficult places thereof learnedly, and plainly: vvith other things of great importance. By the reverend, learned and godly divine, Mr. Iohn Diodati, minister of the gospell; and now living in Geneva. It is ordered this 11. of Ianuury, 1642, by the committee of the House of Commons in Parliament, concerning printing, that this exposition of the book of the Old and new Testament, be printed by Nicholas Fussel, stationer. Iohn White.; Annotationes in Biblia. English (Diodati, Giovanni, 1576-1649.; Hollar, Wenceslaus, 1607-1677, engraver.)
- [Clavis Bibliorum:  The Key of the Bible](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/clavis-bibliorum-the-key-of-the-bible/) - Clavis Bibliorum : the Key of the Bible, unlocking the Richest Treasury of the Holy Scriptures, with the Scripture Songs, and the Metrical Version of the Book of Psalms, third edition, folio, calf, 3s 6d 1665 fourth edition, calf, 6s 1675 The only edition containing the full Version of his metrical Psalter.
- [PPRD Vol 2 - The Holy Scriptures](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/pprd-vol-2-the-holy-scriptures/) - The theology of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is often misrepresented in church histories and scholarly treatments. Post-Reformation Reformed Dogmatics examines how specific doctrines of these centuries developed and their influence in shaping what we recognize today as the Protestant church. In this volume, Richard Muller examines Scripture as the foundation of Theology.
- [LOGOS AUTOPISTOS, OR, SCRIPTURES SELF-EVIDENCE BY THOMAS FORD](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/logos-autopistos-or-scriptures-self-evidence-by-thomas-ford/) - Thomas Ford's book demonstrates Scripture's self-attesting nature is from God and divinely inspired. Ford's book will help deal with the attacks of those who “lie in wait to undermine you and turn up the foundations of your faith.” In his book, Ford shows that what we believe is to be founded upon the Holy Scriptures, as they are given to us by God. 2 Peter 1:3, “According as his divine power hath given unto us all things that pertain unto life and godliness, through the knowledge of him that hath called us to glory and virtue.”
- [The Believing Bible Study](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-believing-bible-study/) - “lf I truly believe in God, then God is more real to me than anything else I know, more real even than my faith in Him. For if anything else is more real to me than God Himself, then I am not believing but doubting. I am real, my experiences are real, my faith is real, but God is more real. Otherwise I am not believing but doubting. I cast myself therefore on that which is most real, namely, God Himself. I take God and Jesus Christ His Son as the starting point of all my thinking." - Edward F. Hills Edward Hills’ definition of the difference between believing and doubting informed his life and was the foundation of his life's work in defense of the Scriptures as found in the Textus Receptus and the King James Version of the Bible.
- [Treatise of the Holy Scriptures by John Jewel](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/treatise-of-the-holy-scriptures-by-john-jewel/) - Starting on p.1161 Among all his creatures in heaven or earth God hath not made any like unto the sun in the firmament, the beams whereof are beautiful and pleasant, and do give 2 comfort in all places to all things. It rejoiceth the whole, and relieveth the sick : it causeth birds to sing, fishes to play, cattle to stir, worms to creep, grass to grow, and trees to bring fruit : it reneweth the face of the whole earth. Yet a blind man hath no pleasure in the beauty thereof, because he is blind, and cannot see it : yet a dead man hath no warmth by the heat thereof, because he is dead, and feeleth it not. Adam was placed in paradise, in perfect estate, and in the company of God's angels. God walked and did talk with him. He heard the voice and beheld the presence of God. The rivers yielded waters abundantly : the trees brought him food of life. He had plenty without travail ; he had pleasures, joy, and his heart's desire. But Adam was unthankful, he knew not God the worker of his happiness, he knew not the place in which he was, he knew not his own estate3 and blessedness ; there fore the wrath of the Lord grew against him : he fell into the snares of the devil, he became mortal, and returned to dust.
- [The Ecclesiastical Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-ecclesiastical/) - This is a collection of essays written by Theodore Letis, the Director of the Institute of Renaissance and Reformation Studies, over a period between 1987-1997 and published in journals both popular and academic, while he was a doctoral candidate at the University of Edinburgh. Some are popular, most are rather technical studies treating translation philosophy, text criticism, the Protestant orthodox dogmatic traditions of the seventeenth-century. It also contains four important book reviews and two appendices.In these essays, Letis presents a rigorous defense of the use of the Textus Receptus, or the Ecclesiastical Text, over the various critical texts which have been heavily used since the time of B.B. Warfield. Letis challenges the prevailing notion that Biblical authority is to be found in the original autographs of Scripture by demonstrating a theological shift in the later nineteenth into early twentieth centuries, and consequently arguing that authority is to be found in the apographa, or the text preserved in the church.
- [The Ecclesiastical Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-ecclesiastical-text/) - This is a collection of essays written by Theodore Letis, the Director of the Institute of Renaissance and Reformation Studies, over a period between 1987-1997 and published in journals both popular and academic, while he was a doctoral candidate at the University of Edinburgh. Some are popular, most are rather technical studies treating translation philosophy, text criticism, the Protestant orthodox dogmatic traditions of the seventeenth-century. It also contains four important book reviews and two appendices.In these essays, Letis presents a rigorous defense of the use of the Textus Receptus, or the Ecclesiastical Text, over the various critical texts which have been heavily used since the time of B.B. Warfield. Letis challenges the prevailing notion that Biblical authority is to be found in the original autographs of Scripture by demonstrating a theological shift in the later nineteenth into early twentieth centuries, and consequently arguing that authority is to be found in the apographa, or the text preserved in the church.
- [Codex B & Its Allies Vol 1 & 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/codex-b-its-allies-vol-1-2/)
- [The Traditional Text of the Holy Gospels](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-traditional-text-of-the-holy-gospels/)
- [The Causes of Corruption of the Traditional Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-causes-of-corruption-of-the-traditional-text/)
- [The Last Twelve Verses of Mark](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-last-twelve-verses-of-mark/)
- [The Revision Revised](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-revision-revised/)
- [Concerning the Text of the Apocalypse](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/concerning-the-text-of-the-apocalypse/)
- [The King James Version Defended](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-king-james-version-defended/)
- [Identity of the New Testament Text IV](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/identity-of-the-new-testament-text-iv/)
- [Disputations on Holy Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/disputations-on-holy-scripture/)
- [The Majority Text:  Essays and Reviews in the Continuing Debate](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-majority-text-essays-and-reviews-in-the-continuing-debate/)
- [Which Version?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/which-version/)
- [From Sacred Text to Religious Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/from-sacred-text-to-religious-text/)
- [Erasmus and the Comma Johanneum](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/erasmus-and-the-comma-johanneum/)
- [The King James Only Controversy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-king-james-only-controversy/)
- [The Text of the New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-text-of-the-new-testament/)
- [On the Right Estimation of Manuscript Evidence in the New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/on-the-right-estimation-of-manuscript-evidence-in-the-new-testament/)
- [On Holy Scriptures from Elenctic Theology Vol 1to 3](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/on-holy-scriptures-from-elenctic-theology-vol-1to-3/)
- [The Art of Memory by Frances A. Yates](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-art-of-memory-by-frances-a-yates/)
- [On the Composition of Images, Signs and Ideas](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/on-the-composition-of-images-signs-and-ideas/)
- [How to Develop A Perfect Memory by Dominic O’Brien](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/how-to-develop-a-perfect-memory-by-dominic-obrien/)
- [Introduction to the New Testament in the Original Greek](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/introduction-to-the-new-testament-in-the-original-greek/)
- [Select Works of Robert Rollock Vols 1 & 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/select-works-of-robert-rollock-vols-1-2/)
- [The Divine Triunity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-divine-triunity/)
- [William Twisse's The Scripture's Sufficiency](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/william-twisses-the-scriptures-sufficiency/)
- [How to Read a Book](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/how-to-read-a-book/)
- [Giordano Bruno & the Hermetic Tradition by Frances A. Yates (for historical purposes)](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/giordano-bruno-the-hermetic-tradition-by-frances-a-yates-for-historical-purposes/)
- [An Introduction to the Controversy on the Disputed Verse of St. John](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/an-introduction-to-the-controversy-on-the-disputed-verse-of-st-john/)
- [Further Proof of the Authenticity of 1 John, v. 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/further-proof-of-the-authenticity-of-1-john-v-7/)
- [A Vindication of 1 John, v. 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-vindication-of-1-john-v-7/)
- [13 Sermons concerning the Doctrine of the Trinity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/13-sermons-concerning-the-doctrine-of-the-trinity/)
- [Revised Version of the 1st 3 Gospels Considered](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/revised-version-of-the-1st-3-gospels-considered/)
- [Theopneusty or the Plenary Inspiration of Holy Scriptures](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/theopneusty-or-the-plenary-inspiration-of-holy-scriptures/)
- [R.L. Dabney's Discussions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/r-l-dabneys-discussions/)
- [The Art of Logic & Rhetoric](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-art-of-logic-rhetoric/)
- [Exercitations Divine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/exercitations-divine/)
- [A Scholastical History of the Canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-scholastical-history-of-the-canon/)
- [Divine Authority of the New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/divine-authority-of-the-new-testament/)
- [A Treatise of the Corruption of Scripture by Rome](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-treatise-of-the-corruption-of-scripture-by-rome/)
- [The printed Hebrew text of the OT vindicated](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-printed-hebrew-text-of-the-ot-vindicated/)
- [The Art of Logic](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-art-of-logic/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15167/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15168/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15169/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15170/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15154/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15155/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15156/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15157/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15158/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15159/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15160/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15161/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15162/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15163/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15164/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15165/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15166/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15145/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15146/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15147/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15148/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15149/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15150/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15151/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15152/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15153/)
- [Pious Annotations Upon the Holy Bible](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/pious-annotations-upon-the-holy-bible/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15135/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15136/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15137/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15138/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15139/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15140/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15141/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15142/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15143/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15144/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15127/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15128/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15129/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15130/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15131/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15132/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15117/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15118/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15119/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15120/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15121/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15122/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15123/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15124/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15125/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15126/)
- [In Further Proof of the Authenticity of 1 Jn 5v7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/in-further-proof-of-the-authenticity-of-1-jn-5v7/)
- [The Art of Reasoning a Popular Exposition of the Principles of Logic](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-art-of-reasoning-a-popular-exposition-of-the-principles-of-logic/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15115/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15116/)
- [Has the Bible Been Kept Pure?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/has-the-bible-been-kept-pure/)
- [The Inspiration of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-inspiration-of-scripture/)
- [](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/15111/)
- [A History Over the Debate of 1 John 5:7,8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-history-over-the-debate-of-1-john-578/)
- [JCR: Vol. 12, No. 02](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/jcr-vol-12-no-02/)
- [New criticisms on the celebrated text, I Jn5:7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/new-criticisms-on-the-celebrated-text-i-jn57/)
- [The British Magazine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-british-magazine/)
- [The British Critic, Vol IV, 1794](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-british-critic-vol-iv-1794/)
- [Letters to Edward Gibbon by George Travis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/letters-to-edward-gibbon-by-george-travis/)
- [A New Plea](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-new-plea/)
- [The Genuineness of the Text of 1 John 5:7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-genuineness-of-the-text-of-1-john-57/)
- [In Defense of the Authenticity of 1 John 5:7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/in-defense-of-the-authenticity-of-1-john-57/)
- [Francis Turretin's Disputatio Theologica](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/francis-turretins-disputatio-theologica/)
- [Reply to a Vindication of the Literary Character of Professor Porson, by Crito Cantabrigiensis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/reply-to-a-vindication-of-the-literary-character-of-professor-porson-by-crito-cantabrigiensis/)
- [A Critical Dissertation Upon the 7th Verse of the 5th Chapter of St. John's First Epistle](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-critical-dissertation-upon-the-7th-verse-of-the-5th-chapter-of-st-johns-first-epistle/)
- [The Genuineness of the Text of 1 Jn 5:7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-genuineness-of-the-text-of-1-jn-57/)
- [A full enquiry into the original authority of that text, 1 John v. 7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/a-full-enquiry-into-the-original-authority-of-that-text-1-john-v-7/)
- [The three witnesses, the disputed text in st. John](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-three-witnesses-the-disputed-text-in-st-john/)
- [The works of Unitarian Thomas Emlyn Volume 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-works-of-unitarian-thomas-emlyn-volume-2/)
- [The American Church Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/book/the-american-church-review/)

## Publishers

- [Banner of Truth](https://confessionalbibliology.com/publisher/banner-of-truth/)

## Books Showcase

- [Journal of Christian Reconstruction Volume 12-2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/books/journal-of-christian-reconstruction-volume-12-2/) - The God of the Bible has chosen to express himself by both oral and written means. Together these means represent the sum total of His revelation. This symposium is about the preservation of original, infallible truth as handed down through generations in the words and texts of the human language. We have both God's perseverance
- [Has the Bible Been Kept Pure?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/books/has-the-bible-been-kept-pure/) - This work of historical theology looks at the religious epistemology of the Westminster divines and especially what they meant in their Section 1:8 of the Westminster Confession of Faith when they stated that the Scriptures had been kept pure in all ages by God’s providence. I discuss whether they meant to teach that only the

## Portfolio

- [Donec Ore Turis Eget](https://confessionalbibliology.com/portfolio-items/donec-ornare-turpis-eget/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam viverra euismod odio, gravida pellentesque urna varius vitae. Sed dui lorem, adipiscing in adipiscing et, interdum nec metus. Mauris ultricies, justo eu convallis placerat, felis enim ornare nisi, vitae mattis nulla ante id dui. Ut lectus purus, commodo et tincidunt vel, interdum sed lectus. Vestibulum adipiscing
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- [Proin Sodales Quam](https://confessionalbibliology.com/portfolio-items/proin-sodales-quam/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam viverra euismod odio, gravida pellentesque urna varius vitae. Sed dui lorem, adipiscing in adipiscing et, interdum nec metus. Mauris ultricies, justo eu convallis placerat, felis enim ornare nisi, vitae mattis nulla ante id dui. Ut lectus purus, commodo et tincidunt vel, interdum sed lectus. Vestibulum adipiscing
- [Nam Viverra Euismod](https://confessionalbibliology.com/portfolio-items/nam-viverra-euismod/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam viverra euismod odio, gravida pellentesque urna varius vitae. Sed dui lorem, adipiscing in adipiscing et, interdum nec metus. Mauris ultricies, justo eu convallis placerat, felis enim ornare nisi, vitae mattis nulla ante id dui. Ut lectus purus, commodo et tincidunt vel, interdum sed lectus.
- [Curabitur Malada Lorem](https://confessionalbibliology.com/portfolio-items/curabitur-malesuada-lorem/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam viverra euismod odio, gravida pellentesque urna varius vitae. Sed dui lorem, adipiscing in adipiscing et, interdum nec metus. Mauris ultricies, justo eu convallis placerat, felis enim ornare nisi, vitae mattis nulla ante id dui. Ut lectus purus, commodo et tincidunt vel, interdum sed lectus. Vestibulum adipiscing
- [Suspende Phara Urna](https://confessionalbibliology.com/portfolio-items/suspendisse-pharetra-urna/) - Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Nam viverra euismod odio, gravida pellentesque urna varius vitae. Sed dui lorem, adipiscing in adipiscing et, interdum nec metus. Mauris ultricies, justo eu convallis placerat, felis enim ornare nisi, vitae mattis nulla ante id dui. Ut lectus purus, commodo et tincidunt vel, interdum sed lectus. Vestibulum adipiscing

## FAQs

- [Infallibility](https://confessionalbibliology.com/faq-items/infallibility/) - Scripture is, Infallible (Scriptura est autopiston kai axiopiston) which expresseth the minde and will of God, to whom truth is essential and necessary. Supreme and Independent into which all faith is resolved, from which it is not lawful to appeal. By which singular authority the Scripture is distinguished, both from all prophane and Sacred writings,
- [Preservationist Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/faq-items/preservationist-textual-criticism/) - PTC is the view that God’s word has been kept pure in all ages by God’s providential preservation. (WCF/2LBCF 1.8) It can be simply expressed as, only Scripture can attest to what is Scripture.
- [Restorationist Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/faq-items/restorationist-textual-criticism/) - RTC is the view that the text of Scripture must be restored because it has become corrupted over time either through carelessness or deliberate corruption by heretics. This is a rejection of the Confessional view that the text of Scripture was kept pure in all ages and an affirmation

## Testimonials

- [Dr. Richard Muller](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/richard-muller/) - By “original and authentic” text, the Protestant orthodox do not mean the autographa which no one can possess but the apographa in the original tongue which are the source of all versions. The Jews throughout history and the church in the time of Christ regarded the Hebrew of the Old Testament as authentic and for
- [Dr. Richard Muller](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/dr-richard-muller/) - The case for Scripture as an infallible rule of faith and practice . . . . rests on an examination of the apographa and does not seek the infinite regress of the lost autographa as a prop for textual infallibility.
- [Dr. Richard Muller](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/dr-richard-muller-2/) - A rather sharp contrast must be drawn, therefore, between the Protestant orthodox arguments concerning the autographa and the views of Archibald Alexander Hodge and Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield. . . . Those who claim an errant text, against the orthodox consensus to the contrary, must prove their case. To claim errors in the scribal copies, the
- [Richard Muller](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/richard-muller-2/) - Turretin and other high and late orthodox writers argued that the authenticity and infallibility of Scripture must be identified in and of the apographa, not in and of lost autographa.
- [Richard Muller](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/richard-muller-3/) - All too much discussion of the Reformers’ methods has attempted to turn them into precursors of the modern critical method, when in fact, the developments of exegesis and hermeneutics in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries both precede and, frequently conflict with (as well as occasionally adumbrate) the methods of the modern era.
- [Benedict Pictet](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/benedict-pictet/) - Reason confirms the unity of the Godhead are therefore three persons in one divine essence and this is clearly established by the passage in 1 John v 7 which is brought forward and quoted Cyprian although not read in many copies A greater number of reasons can be alleged why passage should be said to
- [John Calvin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/john-calvin/) - I answer, both to disciples and to teachers, God is made known to be the author of it by the revelation of the same Spirit. Moses and the prophets did not utter at random what we have received from their hand, but, speaking at the suggestion of God, they boldly and fearlessly testified, what was
- [By "original & authentic" text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/dr-richard-muller-3/) - By “original and authentic” text, the Protestant orthodox do not mean the autographa which no one can possess but the apographa in the original tongue which are the source of all versions. The Jews throughout history and the church in the time of Christ regarded the Hebrew of the Old Testament as authentic and for
- [John Owen](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/john-owen/) - It can, then, with no color of probability be asserted (which yet I find some learned men too free in granting), namely, that there hath the same fate attended the Scripture in its transcription as hath done other books. Let me say without offense, this imagination, asserted on deliberation, seems to me to border on
- [Benedict Pictet](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/benedict-pictet-2/) - Reason confirms the unity of the Godhead are therefore three persons in one divine essence and this is clearly established by the passage in 1 John v 7 which is brought forward and quoted Cyprian although not read in many copies A greater number of reasons can be alleged why passage should be said to
- [Richard Capel](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/richard-capel/) - Therefore I like that of Bellarmine, who stands upon it, that of such like things a certainty may be had from the testimonies of men, in some sort comparable to natural evidence it self, for that it leaves no scruple or dubitation in our minds: But what of all this? Why it shewes that the general consent of
- [John Owen](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/john-owen-2/) - It can, then, with no color of probability be asserted (which yet I find some learned men too free in granting), namely, that there hath the same fate attended the Scripture in its transcription as hath done other books. Let me say without offense, this imagination, asserted on deliberation, seems to me to border on
- [Richard Muller](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/richard-muller-4/) - The case for Scripture as an infallible rule of faith and practice . . . . rests on an examination of the apographa and does not seek the infinite regress of the lost autographa as a prop for textual infallibility. Dr. Richard Muller
- [James Ussher](https://confessionalbibliology.com/testimonials/james-ussher/) - The marvelous preservation of the Scriptures; though none in time be so ancient, nor none so much oppugned, yet God hath still by his providence preserved them, and every part of them. Only the [Greek & Hebrew] Scriptures are for the letter to be held authentical; and as the water is most pure in the Fountain by the springing

## Categories

- [Uncategorized](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/uncategorized/)
- [Authorized Version](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/authorized-version/)
- [Classical Languages](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/classical-languages/)
- [Comma Johanneum](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/comma-johanneum/)
- [Confessional Textual View](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/confessional-textual-view/)
- [Critical Text Onlyism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/critical-text-onlyism/)
- [Critical Thinking](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/critical-thinking/)
- [Dan Wallace](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/dan-wallace/)
- [Doctrine of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/doctrine-of-scripture/)
- [Erasmus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/erasmus/)
- [Erasmus Myths](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/erasmus/erasmus-myths/)
- [Francis Turretin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/francis-turretin/)
- [Greek Language](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/greek-language/)
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- [history](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/history/)
- [Home Page Slider](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/home-page-slider/)
- [Index Posts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/index-posts/)
- [Inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/inspiration/)
- [Intro to Textual Criticism Series](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/intro-to-textual-criticism-series/)
- [James White](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/james-white/)
- [John Owen](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/john-owen/)
- [Latin-Greek-Hebrew](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/latin-greek-hebrew/)
- [Organic Inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/inspiration/organic-inspiration/)
- [Pericope de Adulterae](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/pericope-de-adulterae/)
- [Post Slider on Main Page](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/post-slider-on-main-page/)
- [Preservationist Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/preservationist-textual-criticism/)
- [Reformed Inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/inspiration/reformed-inspiration/)
- [Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/textual-criticism/)
- [The Gospels](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/the-gospels/)
- [The Reformed Humanist](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/the-reformed-humanist/)
- [Translation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/translation/)
- [Turretin's 21 Questions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/turretins-21-questions/)
- [Welcome](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/welcome/)
- [Ars Memoria](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/the-reformed-humanist/ars-memoria/)
- [Matthew](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/the-gospels/matthew/)
- [Start Here](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/start-here/)
- [Textual Myths](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/textual-myths/)
- [A. E. Housman](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/a-e-housman/)
- [C. H. Waller](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/c-h-waller/)
- [David Martin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/david-martin/)
- [Edward Freer Hills](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/edward-freer-hills/)
- [John Gill](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/john-gill/)
- [John Jewel](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/john-jewel/)
- [Longer Ending of Mark](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/longer-ending-of-mark/)
- [Podcast](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/podcast/)
- [Providential Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/providential-preservation/)
- [Reformers](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/reformers/)
- [Restorationist Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/restorationist-textual-criticism/)
- [Tall Tales of Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/tall-tales-of-textual-criticism/)
- [Textual Issues](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/textual-issues/)
- [The Canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/the-canon/)
- [The Canon 2 Parts by Louis Gaussen](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/the-canon-2-parts-by-louis-gaussen/)
- [The Revision Revised](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/the-revision-revised/)
- [Thomas Rawson Birks](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/thomas-rawson-birks/)
- [William Whitaker](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/william-whitaker/)
- [John](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/the-gospels/john/)
- [Philosophy of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/philosophy-of-scripture/)
- [Mark Ward](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/mark-ward/)
- [Revelational Epistemology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/revelational-epistemology/)
- [Translation Issues](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/translation-issues/)
- [Reformed Theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/reformed-theology/)
- [Authority of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/authority-of-scripture/)
- [Confessional Bibliology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/confessional-bibliology/)
- [Polemics in Theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/polemics-in-theology/)
- [Biblical Authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/biblical-authority/)
- [Book Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/book-review/)
- [King James Only Controversy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/king-james-only-controversy/)
- [Biblical Doctrine of Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/biblical-doctrine-of-preservation/)
- [Reformation Doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/reformation-doctrine/)
- [Scriptural Authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/scriptural-authority/)
- [Westminster Confession of Faith](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/westminster-confession-of-faith/)
- [Presuppositional Book Analysis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/presuppositional-book-analysis/)
- [Doctrine of the Canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/doctrine-of-the-canon/)
- [Doctrinally Significant Variants](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/doctrinally-significant-variants/)
- [Biographies](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/biographies/)
- [Presuppositional Apologetics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/presuppositional-apologetics/)
- [Scriptural Integrity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/scriptural-integrity/)
- [Self-Authenticating](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/self-authenticating/)
- [Textus Receptus critics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/textus-receptus-critics/)
- [Reformed Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/reformed-textual-criticism/)
- [Doctrine of Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/doctrine-of-preservation/)
- [Doctrine of Infallibility](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/doctrine-of-infallibility/)
- [Regarding Heretics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/regarding-heretics/)
- [Critical Text Analysis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/critical-text-analysis/)
- [Constantine von Tischendorf](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/constantine-von-tischendorf/)
- [Textual Criticism and Biblical Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/textual-criticism-and-biblical-preservation/)
- [Reformed Ruckmanism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/reformed-ruckmanism/)
- [Doctrinal Purity and Reformed Theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/doctrinal-purity-and-reformed-theology/)
- [True KJV Onlyism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/true-kjv-onlyism/)
- [Textual Criticism and the Preservation of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/textual-criticism-and-the-preservation-of-scripture/)
- [Noetic Effects of Sin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/noetic-effects-of-sin/)
- [Theology and Spiritual Reflection](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/theology-and-spiritual-reflection/)
- [MTC is Heresy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/mtc-is-heresy/)
- [WCF Ch1 Series](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/wcf-ch1-series/)
- [Doctrine of Inspiration Series](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/doctrine-of-inspiration-series/)
- [Providential Preservation Series](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/providential-preservation-series/)
- [Doctrine of the Canon Series](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/doctrine-of-the-canon-series/)
- [The Comma Johanneum Series](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/the-comma-johanneum-series/)
- [Presuppositional Analysis of Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/presuppositional-analysis-of-textual-criticism/)
- [Introduction to Confessional Bibliology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/introduction-to-confessional-bibliology/)
- [Objections to Confessional Bibliology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/objections-to-confessional-bibliology/)
- [Bad Actors](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/bad-actors/)
- [Doctrine of Providential Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/doctrine-of-providential-preservation/)
- [Magisterial and Ministerial Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/magisterial-and-ministerial-textual-criticism/)
- [Preserved—but Where?](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/preserved-but-where/)
- [Preserved—but Where? Lane Keister, the Received Text, and the Modern Critical Method](https://confessionalbibliology.com/category/preserved-but-where-lane-keister-the-received-text-and-the-modern-critical-method/)

## Tags

- [1 John 5:7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/1-john-57/)
- [Apocrypha](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/apocrypha/)
- [Apologia Radio](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/apologia-radio/)
- [Apparent Contradictions in Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/apparent-contradictions-in-scripture/)
- [Authentic Version of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/authentic-version-of-scripture/)
- [Authenticity of the Hebrew Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/authenticity-of-the-hebrew-text/)
- [Authority of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/authority-of-scripture/)
- [authorized version](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/authorized-version/)
- [back translation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/back-translation/)
- [Beginning Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/beginning-textual-criticism/)
- [Bellarmine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bellarmine/)
- [Bombasius](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bombasius/)
- [Bomberg Hebrew Bible](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bomberg-hebrew-bible/)
- [British Codex](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/british-codex/)
- [canon of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/canon-of-scripture/)
- [Canonicity of the Apocrypha](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/canonicity-of-the-apocrypha/)
- [Canonicity of the Old Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/canonicity-of-the-old-testament/)
- [Captain Deflector](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/captain-deflector/)
- [Codex Britannicus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/codex-britannicus/)
- [Codex Montfortianus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/codex-montfortianus/)
- [Codex Vaticanus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/codex-vaticanus/)
- [Comma Johanneum](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/comma-johanneum/)
- [confessional text view](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-text-view/)
- [Cyprian](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/cyprian/)
- [Deutero-canonical](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/deutero-canonical/)
- [Dictation Theory of Inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/dictation-theory-of-inspiration/)
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- [early church fathers](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/early-church-fathers/)
- [Effectual Cause](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/effectual-cause/)
- [Erasmus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/erasmus/)
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- [Galatians](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/galatians/)
- [genealogies of Christ](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/genealogies-of-christ/)
- [H. J. de Jonge](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/h-j-de-jonge/)
- [hapax legomenon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/hapax-legomenon/)
- [Help](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/help/)
- [inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/inspiration/)
- [Inspiration of God](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/inspiration-of-god/)
- [Inspiration of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/inspiration-of-scripture/)
- [Instrumental Cause](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/instrumental-cause/)
- [intrinsic marks of divinity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/intrinsic-marks-of-divinity/)
- [James White](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/james-white/)
- [James White is wrong](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/james-white-is-wrong/)
- [johannine comma](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/johannine-comma/)
- [John Owen's prefatory note](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-owens-prefatory-note/)
- [king james bible](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/king-james-bible/)
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- [lexical differences](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/lexical-differences/)
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- [Mechanical Inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/mechanical-inspiration/)
- [Montfortianus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/montfortianus/)
- [Mountains Out of Molehills](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/mountains-out-of-molehills/)
- [Natural Revelation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/natural-revelation/)
- [Necessity of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/necessity-of-scripture/)
- [Necessity of Verbal Revelation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/necessity-of-verbal-revelation/)
- [Need of Translations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/need-of-translations/)
- [Organic Inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/organic-inspiration/)
- [Pericope Adulterae](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/pericope-adulterae/)
- [Preservation of the Canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/preservation-of-the-canon/)
- [Purity of the Original Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/purity-of-the-original-text/)
- [Reformed Pub](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-pub/)
- [reformers](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformers/)
- [Revelation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/revelation/)
- [Revelation Epistemology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/revelation-epistemology/)
- [Sepulveda](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/sepulveda/)
- [Special Revelation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/special-revelation/)
- [St. Augustine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/st-augustine/)
- [stylistic differences](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/stylistic-differences/)
- [textual criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-criticism/)
- [Textus Receptus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textus-receptus/)
- [The Revision Revised](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/the-revision-revised/)
- [theopneustos](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theopneustos/)
- [Thomas Aquinas](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/thomas-aquinas/)
- [Thomas Cajetan](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/thomas-cajetan/)
- [Verbal Plenary Inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/verbal-plenary-inspiration/)
- [William Whitaker](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/william-whitaker/)
- [written Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/written-scripture/)
- [Louis Gaussen](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/louis-gaussen/)
- [antichrist](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/antichrist/)
- [Canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/canon/)
- [David Dickson](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/david-dickson/)
- [Disputations on Holy Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/disputations-on-holy-scripture/)
- [Dr. Michael Kruger](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/dr-michael-kruger/)
- [Edward Freer Hills](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/edward-freer-hills/)
- [Edward Leigh](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/edward-leigh/)
- [Francis Turretin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/francis-turretin/)
- [gnostics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/gnostics/)
- [Hebrew Vowel Points](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/hebrew-vowel-points/)
- [Heinrich Bullinger](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/heinrich-bullinger/)
- [James R. White](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/james-r-white/)
- [James Ussher](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/james-ussher/)
- [John Calvin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-calvin/)
- [John Jewel](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-jewel/)
- [John Jewell](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-jewell/)
- [John Maynard](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-maynard/)
- [John Owen](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-owen/)
- [John William Burgon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-william-burgon/)
- [KJVO](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kjvo/)
- [Lying](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/lying/)
- [Mark 16:9-20](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/mark-169-20/)
- [NA27](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/na27/)
- [pericope](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/pericope/)
- [Providential Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/providential-preservation/)
- [R L Dabney](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/r-l-dabney/)
- [Richard Capel](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/richard-capel/)
- [Richard Muller](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/richard-muller/)
- [Robert Rollock](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/robert-rollock/)
- [Ruckmanism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ruckmanism/)
- [Ruckmanite](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ruckmanite/)
- [Textual Issues](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-issues/)
- [Theodore Letis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theodore-letis/)
- [Thomas Cartwright](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/thomas-cartwright/)
- [Thomas Manton](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/thomas-manton/)
- [Vatican](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/vatican/)
- [WCF 1.8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/wcf-1-8/)
- [Arius](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/arius/)
- [heresy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/heresy/)
- [Matthew](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/matthew/)
- [Jeffrey T. Riddle](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/jeffrey-t-riddle/)
- [Christian McShaffrey](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/christian-mcshaffrey/)
- [Greek Language](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/greek-language/)
- [Preserved Purity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/preserved-purity/)
- [Longer Ending of Mark](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/longer-ending-of-mark/)
- [Matthew 6:1](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/matthew-61/)
- [William Jenkyn. Garnet H. Milne](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/william-jenkyn-garnet-h-milne/)
- [Kept Pure](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kept-pure/)
- [Nestle-Aland Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/nestle-aland-text/)
- [Edmund Calalmy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/edmund-calalmy/)
- [Richard Simon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/richard-simon/)
- [Scott Ingram](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scott-ingram/)
- [Mark Ward](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/mark-ward/)
- [Dick Brash](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/dick-brash/)
- [Brian Walton](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/brian-walton/)
- [Enlightenment](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/enlightenment/)
- [textual variants](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-variants/)
- [self-authentication](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/self-authentication/)
- [Dick Fraser Brash](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/dick-fraser-brash/)
- [Reformed doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-doctrine/)
- [rationalist textual analysis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/rationalist-textual-analysis/)
- [Biblia Polyglotta](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblia-polyglotta/)
- [critical scholarship](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/critical-scholarship/)
- [integrity of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/integrity-of-scripture/)
- [confessional approach](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-approach/)
- [empirical methods](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/empirical-methods/)
- [Richard Fraser Brash](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/richard-fraser-brash/)
- [divine origin of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/divine-origin-of-scripture/)
- [historical context](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-context/)
- [Book Review](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/book-review/)
- [The King James Only Controversy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/the-king-james-only-controversy/)
- [KJV Only Movement](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kjv-only-movement/)
- [Bible Translations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-translations/)
- [Reformed Perspective](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-perspective/)
- [Textual Authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-authority/)
- [Critical Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/critical-text/)
- [Doctrines of Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrines-of-preservation/)
- [Biblical Studies](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-studies/)
- [Christian Theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/christian-theology/)
- [Sola Scriptura](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/sola-scriptura/)
- [Reformed Confessions.](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-confessions/)
- [Confessional Bibliology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-bibliology/)
- [King James Version](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/king-james-version/)
- [TR Editions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/tr-editions/)
- [Westminster Confession](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/westminster-confession/)
- [Reformed Theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-theology/)
- [Ecclesiastical Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ecclesiastical-text/)
- [E.F. Hills](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/e-f-hills/)
- [King James Only](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/king-james-only/)
- [Reformation Theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformation-theology/)
- [KJV Defense](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kjv-defense/)
- [Church History](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-history/)
- [Psalm 12:6-7](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/psalm-126-7/)
- [Textual Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-preservation/)
- [John Gill Commentary](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-gill-commentary/)
- [Bible Translation Debate](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-translation-debate/)
- [Sanctification and Truth](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/sanctification-and-truth/)
- [John 17:17](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-1717/)
- [Martin Luther](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/martin-luther/)
- [Biblical Inerrancy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-inerrancy/)
- [Doctrine of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrine-of-scripture/)
- [Word of God](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/word-of-god/)
- [Vox Dei](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/vox-dei/)
- [Lutheran Orthodoxy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/lutheran-orthodoxy/)
- [Sacraments](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/sacraments/)
- [Efficacy of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/efficacy-of-scripture/)
- [Preaching](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/preaching/)
- [New Testament Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/new-testament-textual-criticism/)
- [Scripture Authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-authority/)
- [Divine Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/divine-preservation/)
- [Western Church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/western-church/)
- [Secularism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/secularism/)
- [Satan’s Agenda](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/satans-agenda/)
- [Masoretic Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/masoretic-text/)
- [Church Decline](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-decline/)
- [Spiritual Conflict](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/spiritual-conflict/)
- [Biblical Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-preservation/)
- [Scriptural Authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-authority/)
- [Inerrancy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/inerrancy/)
- [Preservation Doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/preservation-doctrine/)
- [Biblical Canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-canon/)
- [Westminster Standards](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/westminster-standards/)
- [Protestant Reformation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/protestant-reformation/)
- [KJV-only controversy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kjv-only-controversy/)
- [James White critique](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/james-white-critique/)
- [modern translations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/modern-translations/)
- [KJV vs modern versions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kjv-vs-modern-versions/)
- [Bible authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-authority/)
- [doctrine of preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrine-of-preservation/)
- [theological critique](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-critique/)
- [critical text vs TR](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/critical-text-vs-tr/)
- [scriptural integrity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-integrity/)
- [book reviews](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/book-reviews/)
- [biblical authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-authority/)
- [theological soundness](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-soundness/)
- [presuppositional analysis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/presuppositional-analysis/)
- [modern critical text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/modern-critical-text/)
- [theological presuppositions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-presuppositions/)
- [stable text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/stable-text/)
- [Bible preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-preservation/)
- [Enlightenment rationalism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/enlightenment-rationalism/)
- [critical text methodology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/critical-text-methodology/)
- [Reformation doctrines](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformation-doctrines/)
- [theological bias](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-bias/)
- [Bruce Metzger](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bruce-metzger/)
- [Bart Ehrman](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bart-ehrman/)
- [canon formation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/canon-formation/)
- [Protestant canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/protestant-canon/)
- [church councils](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-councils/)
- [self-authenticating Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/self-authenticating-scripture/)
- [testimony of the Spirit](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/testimony-of-the-spirit/)
- [closed canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/closed-canon/)
- [canon in Reformed thought](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/canon-in-reformed-thought/)
- [early church councils](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/early-church-councils/)
- [Reformed tradition](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-tradition/)
- [theological education](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-education/)
- [preservation of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/preservation-of-scripture/)
- [Reformed community](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-community/)
- [Confessional Bibliology Project](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-bibliology-project/)
- [Reformed beliefs](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-beliefs/)
- [historical theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-theology/)
- [Reformed heritage](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-heritage/)
- [Reformed scholarship](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-scholarship/)
- [educational resources](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/educational-resources/)
- [Reformed faith](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-faith/)
- [Reformed church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-church/)
- [Reformed teaching](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-teaching/)
- [doctrinal implications](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrinal-implications/)
- [biblical manuscripts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-manuscripts/)
- [Majority Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/majority-text/)
- [John 1:18 variant](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-118-variant/)
- [1 Timothy 3:16 variant](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/1-timothy-316-variant/)
- [Acts 20:28 variant](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/acts-2028-variant/)
- [Mark 16 long ending](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/mark-16-long-ending/)
- [Christology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/christology/)
- [doctrine of the Trinity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrine-of-the-trinity/)
- [theological clarity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-clarity/)
- [doctrine of inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrine-of-inspiration/)
- [biblical inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-inspiration/)
- [plenary inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/plenary-inspiration/)
- [verbal inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/verbal-inspiration/)
- [infallibility](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/infallibility/)
- [inspiration and inerrancy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/inspiration-and-inerrancy/)
- [Holy Spirit](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/holy-spirit/)
- [historical views on inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-views-on-inspiration/)
- [trustworthiness of the Bible](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/trustworthiness-of-the-bible/)
- [modern reinterpretations of inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/modern-reinterpretations-of-inspiration/)
- [KJV translators](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kjv-translators/)
- [biblical translation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-translation/)
- [Lancelot Andrewes](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/lancelot-andrewes/)
- [John Bois](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-bois/)
- [Henry Savile](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/henry-savile/)
- [George Abbot](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/george-abbot/)
- [Thomas Bilson](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/thomas-bilson/)
- [textual integrity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-integrity/)
- [Bible scholarship](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-scholarship/)
- [translation methodology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/translation-methodology/)
- [theological beliefs](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-beliefs/)
- [historical significance](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-significance/)
- [KJV legacy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kjv-legacy/)
- [translator profiles](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/translator-profiles/)
- [apologetics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/apologetics/)
- [TR](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/tr/)
- [scriptural stability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-stability/)
- [presuppositional apologetics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/presuppositional-apologetics/)
- [Christian doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/christian-doctrine/)
- [faith defense](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/faith-defense/)
- [gospel message](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/gospel-message/)
- [theological consistency](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-consistency/)
- [apologetic challenges](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/apologetic-challenges/)
- [Reformation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformation/)
- [textual corruption](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-corruption/)
- [humanist textual criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/humanist-textual-criticism/)
- [theological integrity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-integrity/)
- [divine inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/divine-inspiration/)
- [early textual criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/early-textual-criticism/)
- [scriptural authenticity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-authenticity/)
- [epistemology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/epistemology/)
- [ultimate standard](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ultimate-standard/)
- [sensus divinitatis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/sensus-divinitatis/)
- [Protestant doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/protestant-doctrine/)
- [theological authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-authority/)
- [inherent authority of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/inherent-authority-of-scripture/)
- [higher criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/higher-criticism/)
- [scriptural sufficiency](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-sufficiency/)
- [defending Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/defending-scripture/)
- [scriptural truth](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-truth/)
- [Enlightenment thought](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/enlightenment-thought/)
- [scriptural preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-preservation/)
- [rationalism and Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/rationalism-and-scripture/)
- [human reconstruction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/human-reconstruction/)
- [Enlightenment influence](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/enlightenment-influence/)
- [textual stability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-stability/)
- [eclecticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/eclecticism/)
- [modern textual criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/modern-textual-criticism/)
- [Nestle-Aland](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/nestle-aland/)
- [Bible transmission](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-transmission/)
- [historical criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-criticism/)
- [rationalism legacy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/rationalism-legacy/)
- [confessional response](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-response/)
- [church tradition](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-tradition/)
- [Jan Krans](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/jan-krans/)
- [Evangelical Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/evangelical-textual-criticism/)
- [Westminster Confession of Faith](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/westminster-confession-of-faith/)
- [Verbal Plenary Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/verbal-plenary-preservation/)
- [Greek Manuscripts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/greek-manuscripts/)
- [Doctrinal Fidelity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrinal-fidelity/)
- [Faith and Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/faith-and-textual-criticism/)
- [Geneva Bible](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/geneva-bible/)
- [Ecclesiastical History](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ecclesiastical-history/)
- [Second London Baptist Confession](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/second-london-baptist-confession/)
- [Bible Reliability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-reliability/)
- [Theology of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theology-of-scripture/)
- [Scripture Reliability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-reliability/)
- [Scripture Inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-inspiration/)
- [Preservation of God’s Word](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/preservation-of-gods-word/)
- [Theological Doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-doctrine/)
- [Scripture Sufficiency](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-sufficiency/)
- [Christian Faith](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/christian-faith/)
- [Biblical Doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-doctrine/)
- [Faith and Practice](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/faith-and-practice/)
- [Divine Providence](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/divine-providence/)
- [Bible Study](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-study/)
- [Scripture Foundation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-foundation/)
- [God’s Faithfulness](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/gods-faithfulness/)
- [Warfield's Inerrancy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/warfields-inerrancy/)
- [Textual Variations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-variations/)
- [Confessional View of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-view-of-scripture/)
- [Theological Liberalism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-liberalism/)
- [Evangelical Inerrancy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/evangelical-inerrancy/)
- [Historical Development of Inerrancy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-development-of-inerrancy/)
- [Theological Tensions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-tensions/)
- [Confessionalism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessionalism/)
- [Textual Accuracy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-accuracy/)
- [Autographic Inerrancy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/autographic-inerrancy/)
- [Rationalism in Theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/rationalism-in-theology/)
- [confessional scholarship](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-scholarship/)
- [New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/new-testament/)
- [Critical History](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/critical-history/)
- [manuscript variants](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/manuscript-variants/)
- [theological implications](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-implications/)
- [traditional text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/traditional-text/)
- [Critical Text Contradictions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/critical-text-contradictions/)
- [Logical Inconsistencies](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/logical-inconsistencies/)
- [Matthew 1:7-10](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/matthew-17-10/)
- [Matthew 5:22](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/matthew-522/)
- [Matthew 5:44](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/matthew-544/)
- [Textus Receptus Defense](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textus-receptus-defense/)
- [Infallibility of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/infallibility-of-scripture/)
- [Bible as Covenant](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-as-covenant/)
- [Divine Authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/divine-authority/)
- [Arianism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/arianism/)
- [biblical contradictions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-contradictions/)
- [logical consistency](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/logical-consistency/)
- [Principle of Explosion](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/principle-of-explosion/)
- [doctrine of Christ](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrine-of-christ/)
- [orthodox Christianity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/orthodox-christianity/)
- [John 1:18](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/john-118/)
- [1 Timothy 3:16](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/1-timothy-316/)
- [Proverbs 8:22](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/proverbs-822/)
- [Micah 5:2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/micah-52/)
- [Matthew 5:18](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/matthew-518/)
- [Greek New Testament](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/greek-new-testament/)
- [Lane Keister](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/lane-keister/)
- [jot and tittle](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/jot-and-tittle/)
- [New Testament preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/new-testament-preservation/)
- [sufficiency of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/sufficiency-of-scripture/)
- [unity of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/unity-of-scripture/)
- [Greek Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/greek-text/)
- [Received Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/received-text/)
- [theological error](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-error/)
- [church doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-doctrine/)
- [scriptural infallibility](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-infallibility/)
- [heretical views](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/heretical-views/)
- [defense of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/defense-of-scripture/)
- [Bible doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bible-doctrine/)
- [New Testament reliability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/new-testament-reliability/)
- [Keister review rebuttal](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/keister-review-rebuttal/)
- [textual preservation debate.](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-preservation-debate/)
- [Tischendorf](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/tischendorf/)
- [Codex Sinaiticus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/codex-sinaiticus/)
- [manuscript theft](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/manuscript-theft/)
- [St. Catherine's Monastery](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/st-catherines-monastery/)
- [manuscript preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/manuscript-preservation/)
- [historical ethics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-ethics/)
- [scholarly deception](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scholarly-deception/)
- [Tischendorf's contradictions](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/tischendorfs-contradictions/)
- [manuscript custodianship](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/manuscript-custodianship/)
- [ethical scholarship](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ethical-scholarship/)
- [historical forgery](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-forgery/)
- [manuscript discovery controversies](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/manuscript-discovery-controversies/)
- [19th-century biblical studies](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/19th-century-biblical-studies/)
- [Septuagint](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/septuagint/)
- [Hebrew manuscripts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/hebrew-manuscripts/)
- [Reformation principles](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformation-principles/)
- [doctrinal deviations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrinal-deviations/)
- [patriarchal ages](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/patriarchal-ages/)
- [Methuselah anomaly](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/methuselah-anomaly/)
- [Dead Sea Scrolls](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/dead-sea-scrolls/)
- [original languages](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/original-languages/)
- [confessional standards](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-standards/)
- [Roman Catholic Vulgate](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/roman-catholic-vulgate/)
- [biblical chronology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-chronology/)
- [Letter of Aristeas](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/letter-of-aristeas/)
- [biblical translations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-translations/)
- [Hellenistic influence](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/hellenistic-influence/)
- [Old Testament studies.](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/old-testament-studies/)
- [Textual Criticism and Biblical Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-criticism-and-biblical-preservation/)
- [False doctrine](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/false-doctrine/)
- [church leadership](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-leadership/)
- [accountability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/accountability/)
- [doctrinal purity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrinal-purity/)
- [church compromise](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-compromise/)
- [rebuking sin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/rebuking-sin/)
- [wolves in the church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/wolves-in-the-church/)
- [church discipline](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-discipline/)
- [Presbyterian Church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/presbyterian-church/)
- [Orthodox Presbyterian Church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/orthodox-presbyterian-church/)
- [Reformed Presbyterian Church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-presbyterian-church/)
- [Aimee Byrd](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/aimee-byrd/)
- [Revoice Movement](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/revoice-movement/)
- [heresy in the church](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/heresy-in-the-church/)
- [confessional integrity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-integrity/)
- [scriptural fidelity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-fidelity/)
- [spiritual warfare](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/spiritual-warfare/)
- [defending the gospel](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/defending-the-gospel/)
- [ecclesiastical corruption](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ecclesiastical-corruption/)
- [church reform](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-reform/)
- [pastoral responsibility](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/pastoral-responsibility/)
- [church oversight](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-oversight/)
- [protecting the flock](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/protecting-the-flock/)
- [theological compromise.](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-compromise/)
- [Scripture preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-preservation/)
- [critical text movement](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/critical-text-movement/)
- [divine sovereignty](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/divine-sovereignty/)
- [human reasoning](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/human-reasoning/)
- [Bereans](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/bereans/)
- [infallible Word of God](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/infallible-word-of-god/)
- [doctrinal stability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrinal-stability/)
- [theological debate](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-debate/)
- [confessional theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-theology/)
- [Christian apologetics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/christian-apologetics/)
- [Authentic Texts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/authentic-texts/)
- [Holy Ghost](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/holy-ghost/)
- [Divine Revelation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/divine-revelation/)
- [Church Unity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-unity/)
- [Enlightenment Philosophy.](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/enlightenment-philosophy/)
- [conceptual preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/conceptual-preservation/)
- [scriptural inerrancy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-inerrancy/)
- [theological controversy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-controversy/)
- [Reformed orthodoxy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-orthodoxy/)
- [biblical interpretation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-interpretation/)
- [doctrinal clarity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrinal-clarity/)
- [scriptural transmission](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-transmission/)
- [reformers' theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformers-theology/)
- [Chris Thomas](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/chris-thomas/)
- [scriptural reliability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-reliability/)
- [doctrinal authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrinal-authority/)
- [theological foundations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-foundations/)
- [verbal preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/verbal-preservation/)
- [theological analysis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-analysis/)
- [Isaiah 40:8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/isaiah-408/)
- [Matthew 24:35](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/matthew-2435/)
- [1 Peter 1:23-25](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/1-peter-123-25/)
- [Revelation 22:18-19](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/revelation-2218-19/)
- [biblical exegesis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-exegesis/)
- [covenant theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/covenant-theology/)
- [inerrancy vs infallibility](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/inerrancy-vs-infallibility/)
- [King James Onlyism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/king-james-onlyism/)
- [KJV advanced revelation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kjv-advanced-revelation/)
- [original Greek and Hebrew texts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/original-greek-and-hebrew-texts/)
- [modern New Testament criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/modern-new-testament-criticism/)
- [clarity of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/clarity-of-scripture/)
- [translations and authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/translations-and-authority/)
- [Alexandrian Cult](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/alexandrian-cult/)
- [textual scholarship critique](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-scholarship-critique/)
- [primacy of original texts](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/primacy-of-original-texts/)
- [sectarianism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/sectarianism/)
- [KJV superiority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/kjv-superiority/)
- [advanced inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/advanced-inspiration/)
- [textual fidelity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-fidelity/)
- [doctrinal consistency](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/doctrinal-consistency/)
- [Scriptural authority debates.](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-authority-debates/)
- [historical controversies](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-controversies/)
- [modern challenges](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/modern-challenges/)
- [neo-orthodoxy](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/neo-orthodoxy/)
- [progressive Christianity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/progressive-christianity/)
- [postmodern relativism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/postmodern-relativism/)
- [cultural relativism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/cultural-relativism/)
- [moral relativism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/moral-relativism/)
- [ethical decision-making](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ethical-decision-making/)
- [worship and scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/worship-and-scripture/)
- [mission and scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/mission-and-scripture/)
- [biblical clarity](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-clarity/)
- [theological defense](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-defense/)
- [catechesis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/catechesis/)
- [scriptural inspiration](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-inspiration/)
- [church mission](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/church-mission/)
- [scripture in worship](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-in-worship/)
- [ethical standards](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ethical-standards/)
- [biblical truth](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-truth/)
- [scripture and tradition](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-and-tradition/)
- [gospel proclamation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/gospel-proclamation/)
- [expository preaching](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/expository-preaching/)
- [regulative principle of worship](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/regulative-principle-of-worship/)
- [biblical morality](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-morality/)
- [biblical ethics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-ethics/)
- [scripture and culture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-and-culture/)
- [public theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/public-theology/)
- [scriptural sufficiency in practice](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-sufficiency-in-practice/)
- [scripture as ultimate authority](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scripture-as-ultimate-authority/)
- [challenges to scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/challenges-to-scripture/)
- [defending sola scriptura](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/defending-sola-scriptura/)
- [Reformed apologetics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-apologetics/)
- [scriptural relevance](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-relevance/)
- [cultural challenges to scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/cultural-challenges-to-scripture/)
- [authority of the Bible.](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/authority-of-the-bible/)
- [Heresy in Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/heresy-in-textual-criticism/)
- [Holy Spirit and Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/holy-spirit-and-scripture/)
- [noetic effects of sin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/noetic-effects-of-sin/)
- [human intellect](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/human-intellect/)
- [theological corruption](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/theological-corruption/)
- [illumination of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/illumination-of-scripture/)
- [spiritual blindness](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/spiritual-blindness/)
- [Logical Contradiction](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/logical-contradiction/)
- [Matthew 5:22 Variant](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/matthew-522-variant/)
- [Righteous Anger](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/righteous-anger/)
- [Jesus’ Sinlessness](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/jesus-sinlessness/)
- [Biblical Coherence](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/biblical-coherence/)
- [Scriptural Interpretation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/scriptural-interpretation/)
- [17th Century Theology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/17th-century-theology/)
- [Spiritual Submission](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/spiritual-submission/)
- [Academic Humility](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/academic-humility/)
- [confessionalbibliology.com](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessionalbibliology-com/)
- [confessionalbibliology.org](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessionalbibliology-org/)
- [confessional view](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-view/)
- [confessional text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-text/)
- [reformed textual criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/reformed-textual-criticism/)
- [TR only](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/tr-only/)
- [confessions and creeds](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessions-and-creeds/)
- [Helvetic Consensus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/helvetic-consensus/)
- [historical bibliology](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/historical-bibliology/)
- [preserved word](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/preserved-word/)
- [confessional apologetics](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/confessional-apologetics/)
- [Manuscript Tradition](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/manuscript-tradition/)
- [Authentic Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/authentic-text/)
- [Magisterial Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/magisterial-textual-criticism/)
- [Initial Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/initial-text/)
- [Coherence-Based Genealogical Method](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/coherence-based-genealogical-method/)
- [Westminster Confession 1.8](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/westminster-confession-1-8/)
- [Ministerial Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/ministerial-textual-criticism/)
- [David Norton](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/david-norton/)
- [Green Baggins](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/green-baggins/)
- [Material Survival](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/material-survival/)
- [Critical Recoverability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/critical-recoverability/)
- [Textual Identifiability](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/textual-identifiability/)
- [Public Possession](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/public-possession/)
- [Competing Readings](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/competing-readings/)
- [B. B. Warfield](https://confessionalbibliology.com/tag/b-b-warfield/)

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- [Ars Memoria](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_genre/ars-memoria/)
- [Critical Thinking](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_genre/critical-thinking/)
- [Preservationist Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_genre/preserve/)
- [Restorationist Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_genre/restore/)

## Series

- [Critical Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/critical-text/)
- [Greek New Testaments](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/greek-new-testaments/)
- [Hebrew Language](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/hebrew-language/)
- [Logic & Rhetoric](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/logic-rhetoric/)
- [Majority Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/majority-text/)
- [Reformation History](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/reformation-history/)
- [The Authentic Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/the-authentic-text/)
- [Traditional Text](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/traditional-text/)
- [Doctrine of Scripture](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/doctrine-of-scripture/)
- [Providential Preservation](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/providential-preservation/)
- [Translations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/translations/)
- [Canon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/canon/)
- [Textual Criticism](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_series/textual-criticism/)
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- [Hebrew Language](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/hebrew-language/)
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- [David Martin](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/david-martin/)
- [Edward Freer Hills](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/edward-freer-hills/)
- [Theodore Letis](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/theodore-letis/)
- [Thomas Emlyn](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/thomas-emlyn/)
- [Annotations](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/annotations/)
- [PRRD Vol 2](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/prrd-vol-2/)
- [Garnet H Milne](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/garnet-h-milne/)
- [Thomas Cartwright](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/thomas-cartwright/)
- [William O. Einwechter](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/william-o-einwechter/)
- [Adam Nicholson](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/adam-nicholson/)
- [F. C. Cook](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/f-c-cook/)
- [Wilbur N. Pickering](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/wilbur-n-pickering/)
- [Stephanus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/stephanus/)
- [Colines](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/colines/)
- [Erasmus](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/erasmus/)
- [F. G. Kenyon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/f-g-kenyon/)
- [Bart Ehrman](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/bart-ehrman/)
- [Richard Simon](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/richard-simon/)
- [Peter Gurry](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/peter-gurry/)
- [Harry Y. Gamble](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/harry-y-gamble/)
- [Peter J. Williams](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/peter-j-williams/)
- [John S. Klappenborg](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/john-s-klappenborg/)
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- [John Bois](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/john-bois/)
- [Charles E Hill](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/charles-e-hill/)
- [Michael J Kruger](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/michael-j-kruger/)
- [William Jenkyn](https://confessionalbibliology.com/mbdb_tag/william-jenkyn/)
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